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[7] According to Lecker, Khalid and the other Qurayshite generals "gained precious experience [during the Ridda wars] in mobilizing large multi-tribal armies over long distances" and "benefited from the close acquaintance of the Kuraysh [sic] with tribal politics throughout Arabia". [159] A quarter of the church of St. John was reserved for Muslim use, and abandoned houses and gardens were confiscated and distributed by Abu Ubayda or Khalid among the Muslim troops and their families. Khalid continued service as the key lieutenant of his successor Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah in the sieges of Homs and Aleppo and the Battle of Qinnasrin, all in 637638. [87], All early Islamic accounts agree that Khalid was ordered by Abu Bakr to leave Iraq for Syria to support Muslim forces already present there. [172] Sayf's account notes that Umar sent notice to the Muslim garrisons in Syria and Iraq that Khalid was dismissed not as a result of improprieties but because the troops had become "captivated by illusions on account of him [Khalid]" and he feared they would disproportionately place their trust in him rather than God. Khalid bin Waleed R.A. is buried along with his son in the Mosque of Homs in Syria. Was it because of Jelousy? [198] The 12th-century traveler Ibn Jubayr noted that the tomb contained the graves of Khalid and his son Abd al-Rahman. Khalid was also among those who ran away in the battle of Hunayn. [153] Medina's lack of a regular standing army, the need to redeploy fighters to other fronts, and the Byzantine threat to Muslim gains in Syria all required the establishment of a defense structure based on the older-established Arab tribes in Syria, which had served as confederates of Byzantium. Khalid bin Waleed R.A. is buried along with his son in the Mosque of Homs in Syria. Watt agrees with the Islamic characterization of the tribal opposition as anti-Islamic in nature, while Julius Wellhausen and C. H. Becker hold the tribes were opposed to the tax obligations to Medina rather than Islam as a religion. [134][142][143] Khalid enveloped the opposing heavy cavalry on either side, but intentionally left an opening from which the Byzantines could only escape northward, far from their infantry. I have dismissed him because the people glorified him and were misled. [148] De Goeje dismisses Khalid's extravagant grants to the tribal nobility, a common practice among the early Muslim leaders including Muhammad, as a cause for his sacking. [62], The Muslim war efforts, in which Khalid played a vital part, secured Medina's dominance over the strong tribes of Arabia, which sought to diminish Islamic authority in the peninsula, and restored the nascent Muslim state's prestige. Khalid ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi (Arabic: , romanized:Khlid ibn al-Wald ibn al-Mughra al-Makhzm; died 642) was a 7th-century Arab military commander. [116] The trading center of Bosra, along with the Hauran region in which it lies, had historically supplied the nomadic tribes of Arabia with wheat, oil and wine and had been visited by Muhammad during his youth. Omissions? [154] These tribes likely considered the large numbers of outside Arab tribesmen in Khalid's army as a threat to their political and economic power. [39] Throughout the campaign, Khalid demonstrated considerable operational independence and did not stringently abide by the caliph's directives. [156] Athamina concludes Umar dismissed Khalid and recalled his troops from Syria as an overture to the Kalb and their allies. [12], In the year 6 AH (c.627) or 8 AH (c.629) Khalid embraced Islam in Muhammad's presence alongside the Qurayshite Amr ibn al-As;[14] the modern historian Michael Lecker comments that the accounts holding that Khalid and Amr converted in 8 AH are "perhaps more trustworthy". Khalid died in either Medina or Homs in 642. [143] According to the 9th-century Byzantine historian Theophanes, the Byzantine infantry mutinied under Vahan, possibly in light of Theodore's failure to counter the attack on the cavalry. [27] Crone, dismissing Khalid's role in Iraq entirely, asserts that Khalid had definitively captured Dumat al-Jandal in the 631 campaign and from there crossed the desert to engage in the Syrian conquest. [139] The area spanned high hilltops, water sources, critical routes connecting Damascus to the Galilee and historic pastures of the Ghassanids. [128] Although several versions of Khalid's treaty were recorded in the early Muslim and Christian sources,[c] they generally concur that the inhabitants' lives, properties and churches were to be safeguarded, in return for their payment of the jizya (poll tax). As a horseman of the Quraysh's aristocratic Banu Makhzum clan, which ardently opposed Muhammad, Khalid played an instrumental role in defeating Muhammad and his followers during the Battle of Uhud in 625. He attended the battle of Mu'ta and the Conquest of Mecca. You must take revenge from Khalid." But Abu Bakr continued to defend Khalid. Q. Pemerintahan Khulafaur Rasyidin yang dimulai dari khalifah Abu Bakar As Sidiq, Umar bin Khattab, Usman bin Affan dan Ali Bin Abi Thalib. One group advocated for a companion closer in kinship to Muhammad, namely his cousin Ali, while another group, backed by new converts among the Qurayshite aristocracy, rallied behind Abu Bakr. [125] As his forces entered from the east, Muslim forces led by Abu Ubayda had entered peacefully from the western Bab al-Jabiya gate after negotiations with Damascene notables led by Mansur ibn Sarjun, a high-ranking city official. [35] The tribes in Bahrayn may have resisted the Muslims until the middle of 634. [1], The following year Khalid commanded the right flank of the cavalry in the Meccan army which confronted Muhammad at the Battle of Uhud north of Medina. After Muhammad's death, Khalid was appointed to Najd and al-Yamama with the purpose of suppressing or subjugating Arab tribes who were opposed to the nascent Muslim state; this campaign culminated in Khalid's victory over Arab rebel leaders Tulayha and Musaylima at the Battle of Buzakha in 632 and the Battle of Yamama in 633, respectively. [105], Most traditional accounts have the first Muslim armies deploy to Syria from Medina at the beginning of 13 AH (early spring 634). [7], With the Yamama pacified, Khalid marched northward toward Sasanian territory in Iraq (lower Mesopotamia). [9] The Muslims gained the early advantage in the fight, but after most of the Muslim archers abandoned their positions to join the raiding of the Meccans' camp, Khalid charged against the resulting break in the Muslims' rear defensive lines. [58] Khalid heeded the counsel of the Ansarite Thabit ibn Qays to exclude the Bedouins from the next fight. It is believed by scholars that Khalid bin Waleed R.A. died a natural death because he was the Sword of Allah and it was not possible to kill him in the battlefield as the sword of Allah cannot be broken. [67] He arrived at the southern Iraqi frontier with about 1,000 warriors in the late spring or early summer of 633. He also led the Bedouins under the Muslim army during the Muslim conquest of Mecca in 629630 and the Battle of Hunayn in 630. Within less than four years of his dismissal, Khalid died and was buried in 642 in Emesa, where he lived since his dismissal from military services. [196] The Sur tribe under Sher Shah, a 16th-century ruler of India, also claimed descent from Khalid. It is believed by scholars that Khalid bin Waleed R.A. died a natural death because he was the Sword of Allah and it was not possible to kill him in the battlefield as the sword of Allah cannot be broken. [198] The current mosque dates to 1908 when the Ottoman authorities rebuilt the structure. [126][131] The treaty probably served as the model for the capitulation agreements made throughout Syria, as well Iraq and Egypt, during the early Muslim conquests. [140] The Byzantines' initial assaults against the Muslims' right and left flanks successively failed, but they kept up the momentum until the entire Muslim line fell back or, as contemporary Christian sources maintain, feigned retreat. [98][100] The utilization of the camels as water storage and the locating of the water source at Suwa were the result of advice given to Khalid by his guide, Rafi ibn Amr of the Tayy. [180] Athamina considers these all to be "no more than latter-day expressions of sympathy on the part of subsequent generations for the heroic character of Khalid as portrayed by Islamic tradition". [101] In this route the only span where a desert march could have occurred is between Jabal al-Bishri and Palmyra, though the area between the two places is considerably less than a six-day march and contains a number of water sources. [127], In the versions of the Syriac author Dionysius of Tel Mahre (d. 845) and the Melkite patriarch Eutychius of Alexandria (d. 940), the Damascenes led by Mansur, having become weary of the siege and convinced of the besiegers' determination, approached Khalid at Bab Sharqi with an offer to open the gate in return for assurances of safety. After the death of Muhammad, Khlid recaptured a number of provinces that were breaking away from Islam. [92], The chronological sequence of events after Khalid's operations in Ayn al-Tamr is inconsistent and confused. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [103] In the Dumat al-JandalDamascus route, such placenames exist, namely the sites of Qulban Qurajir, associated with 'Quraqir', along the eastern edge of Wadi Sirhan, and Sab Biyar, which is identified with Suwa 150 kilometers (93mi) east of Damascus. [194] A female line of descent may have survived and was claimed by the 15th-century Sufi religious leader Siraj al-Din Muhammad ibn Ali al-Makhzumi of Homs. [103], The desert march is the most celebrated episode of Khalid's expedition and medieval Futuh ('Islamic conquests') literature in general. Khalid died in either Medina or Homs in 642. There, he was encountered with his small party by the Muslims. [174] In the account of Ibn Asakir, Umar declared at a council of the Muslim army at Jabiya in 638 that Khalid was dismissed for lavishing war spoils on war heroes, tribal nobles and poets instead of reserving the sums for needy Muslims. [179] The building was altered by the first Ayyubid sultan Saladin (r.11711193) and again in the 13th century. [18][19] The purpose of the raid may have been to acquire booty in the wake of the Sasanian Persian army's retreat from Syria following its defeat by the Byzantine Empire in July. [1] Al-Walid is identified by the historians Ibn Hisham (d. 833), Ibn Durayd (d. 837) and Ibn Habib (d. 859) as the "derider" of the Islamic prophet Muhammad mentioned in the Meccan suras (chapters) of the Qur'an. Khalid's father was al-Walid ibn al-Mughira, an arbitrator of local disputes in Mecca in the Hejaz (western Arabia). [101] The stretch of desert between Ayn al-Tamr and Palmyra is long enough to corroborate a six-day march and contains scarce watering points, though there are no placenames that can be interpreted as Quraqir or Suwa. bilal bin rabah <p>abu bakar as-shidiq</p> alternatives <p>abdurrahman bin auf</p> <p>khalid bin walid</p> <p>bilal bin rabah</p> answer explanation . The siege of Germanicia or Marash was led by Muslim forces of the Rashidun Caliphate during their campaigns in Anatolia in 638. [87] Patricia Crone argues it is unlikely Khalid played any role on the Iraqi front, citing seeming contradictions by contemporary, non-Arabic sources,[88] namely the Armenian chronicle of Sebeos (c.661) and the Khuzistan Chronicle (c. [72] Khalid encountered stiff resistance there by the tribesmen of the Namir, compelling him to besiege the town's fortress. [3] Contents 1 Early life 2 Muhammad's era (610-632) 2.1 Conversion to Islam 2.2 Military Campaigns during Muhammad's (SAAW) era They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. [44], After Buzakha, Khalid proceeded against the rebel Tamimite chieftain Malik ibn Nuwayra headquartered in al-Butah, in the present-day Qassim region. This condition was feared by the caliph at that time, Umar ibn Khattab, would be a deviation of faith. 680). CREDIT PICTURE GLOBAL VILLAGE SPACE [1] About twenty-five of Khalid's paternal cousins, including Abu Jahl, and numerous other kinsmen were slain in that engagement. [7] Among these villages were Musaylima's hometown al-Haddar and Mar'at, whose inhabitants were expelled or enslaved and the villages resettled with tribesmen from clans of the Tamim. [141] As a result, the Byzantines were left vulnerable to attack by Muslim archers, their momentum was halted and their left flank exposed. He fought more than 100 battles and remain undefeated. [9] He advanced through the Wadi Qanat valley west of Uhud until being checked by Muslim archers south of the valley at Mount Ruma. [2] The Makhzum are credited for introducing Meccan commerce to foreign markets,[3] particularly Yemen and Abyssinia (Ethiopia),[2] and developed a reputation among the Quraysh for their intellect, nobility and wealth. In fact, Caliph Umar Al-Khattab did mention why he dismissed General Khalid Al-Walid from the army and his post. ; ; 1442 [122] Khalid advanced,[122] possibly besting a Byzantine unit at the Marj al-Suffar plain before besieging the city. [173], Khalid's sacking did not elicit public backlash, possibly due to existing awareness in the Muslim polity of Umar's enmity toward Khalid, which prepared the public for his dismissal, or because of existing hostility toward the Makhzum in general as a result of their earlier opposition to Muhammad and the early Muslims. [59] The Muslims pursued the Hanifa to a large enclosed garden which Musaylima used to stage a last stand against the Muslims. [137], The Byzantine army set up camp at the Ruqqad tributary west of the Muslims' positions at Jabiya. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). [18] Khalid gained its surrender and imposed a heavy penalty on the inhabitants of the town, one of whose chiefs, the Kindite Ukaydir ibn Abd al-Malik al-Sakuni, was ordered by Khalid to sign the capitulation treaty with Muhammad in Medina. [18], The starting point of Khalid's general march to Syria was al-Hira, according to most of the traditional accounts, with the exception of al-Baladhuri, who places it at Ayn al-Tamr. [43] His tribe, the Asad, subsequently submitted to Khalid, followed by the hitherto neutral Banu Amir, which had awaited the results of the conflict before giving its allegiance to either side. [28] The tribe converted and Khalid instructed them in the Qur'an and Islamic laws before returning to Muhammad in Medina with a Balharith delegation. [110], Khalid was appointed supreme commander of the Muslim armies in Syria. [65] According to the historian Khalil Athamina, the remnants of Khalid's army consisted of nomadic Arabs from Medina's environs whose chiefs were appointed to replace the vacant command posts left by the sahaba ('companions' of Muhammad). [91] He left small Muslim garrisons in the conquered cities of Iraq under the overall military command of al-Muthanna ibn Haritha. [71], From Ubulla's vicinity, Khalid marched up the western bank of the Euphrates where he clashed with the small Sasanian garrisons who guarded the Iraqi frontier from nomadic incursions. [163] Khalid was appointed Abu Ubayda's deputy governor in Qinnasrin in 638. [123] The most popular narrative is preserved by the Damascus-based Ibn Asakir (d. 1175), according to whom Khalid and his men breached the Bab Sharqi gate. [10] Shaban credits Khalid's "military genius" for the Quraysh's victory at Uhud, the only engagement in which the tribe defeated Muhammad. In 638, at the zenith of his career, he was dismissed from military services. Corrections? Its defenders were backed by their nomadic allies from the Byzantine-confederate tribes, the Ghassanids, Tanukhids, Salihids, Bahra and Banu Kalb. Was Hazrat Umar a good . [31], Most tribes in Arabia, except those inhabiting the environs of Mecca, Medina and Ta'if discontinued their allegiance to the nascent Muslim state after Muhammad's death or had never established formal relations with Medina. In 627 or 629, he converted to Islam in the presence of Muhammad, who inducted him as an official military commander among the Muslims and gave him the title of Sayf Allah (lit. Umar then dismissed Khalid from the governorship of Jund Qinnasrin around 638. [113], Khalid reached the meadow of Marj Rahit north of Damascus after his army's trek across the desert. [22][a], In December 629 or January 630, Khalid took part in Muhammad's capture of Mecca, after which most of the Quraysh converted to Islam. He vented these reservations when he suggested to Abu Bakr that Khalid should be dismissed after the death of Maalik Ibn Nuwairah. [58] Khalid's first three assaults against Musaylima at the plain of Aqraba were beaten back. Caetani cast doubt about the aforementioned traditions, while the orientalist Henri Lammens substituted Abu Ubayda with Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan. [46], According to the most common account in the Muslim traditional sources, Khalid's army encountered Malik and eleven of his clansmen from the Yarbu in 632. Khalid bin Waleed R.A. is buried along with his son in the Mosque of Homs in Syria. Ali himself imposed Sharia during his khulafa. Views of the wars by modern historians vary considerably. [148] Modern historians mostly agree that Umar's dismissal of Khalid probably occurred in the aftermath of Yarmouk.