After fitting, non-soil pixels (marked in a . The second factor overcoming the swelling behaviour is the migration of cations. As ions are retained by clay particles in expansive soils (Figure 2B), there is a movement of water from low ionic concentration areas to high ionic concentration areas inside the clay. Experimental Study on the Swelling Behavior of Expansive Soil Reinforced with Coir Geotextile, in Proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference 2019: IGC 2019, Volume 4. doi:10.1007/978-981-33-6564_11. Deflected basement wall: Inward deflection of a basement wall and pilasters. In case of RHA the reduction in strength may be due to the formation of coarse particles which results in lower densities and more void formation. Determination of liquid and plastic limit (second revision), IS: 2720 (Part 26)-1987. Even though irrigation is expensive, the cost is small compared to repairing a cracked foundation. This could be risky for users. As adjectives the difference between inexpensive and cheap is that inexpensive is low in price while cheap is low and/or reduced in price. The liquid limit and plastic limits were determined as per IS: 2720 (part 5)-1985 [].The pH for both the soils provided in Table 1 has been found out as per IS: 2720 (part 26)-1987 [].The plasticity index is accounted as the numerical difference between . While many types of clays expand when they come in contact with water, not all do. Cement and Lime Stabilization of Compacted Expansive Clay, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering ICGE13, Tunisia, 369377. FIGURE 13. Based on oedometer curves, when the Cc/Cs ratio exceeds 10, the soil is concluded to be either non-swelling or its swelling potential is negligible. Table 1 details those data as determined from oedometer tests preceded by the measurement of the swell pressure. This pressure can be as great as5,000pounds per foot. As a noun cheap is trade; traffic; chaffer; chaffering. T. Am. New York City: McGraw-Hills Inc., U.S.A., 312316. Cartographie de l'ala retrait-gonflement des argiles dans le dpartement de l'Ille-et-Vilaine. Without precautions, canals can be destroyed by foundations built on expansive clays (Elarabi, 2010). Meanwhile, there is a high probability of cracks appearance in the soil. J Eng Geol 17(27):139140, Fattah MY, Rahil FH, Al-Soudany KYH (2013) Improvement of clayey soil using rice husk ash. Int J Eng Res Technol 2(11):37223727. After 01h 38min from the beginning of the free swell test, the applied load to the specimen is increased to the observed swelling. A&M, Texas, 152171. Unexpensive adjective. Destruction of hydraulic structures such as buried pipelines, drains, sewage systems and irrigation systems are very dangerous and can be fatal in certain conditions. In many cases the homeowner noticed the problem, didnt realize its severity, didnt realize that it was progressing, and the problem progressed to a point where repair didnt make economic sense. In case of Lime the reduction in strength may be due to formation of the silica gel or excess Lime content beyond the optimum content may act as a lubricating agent between two-soil particle and reducing the shear resistance. Click to Enlarge. Plaisted, M. D., and Zornberg, J. G. (2011). These parameters are respectively governed by parent geology and construction practices prevalent in an area. Then, the specimen stabilized at this deformation level. Use of Liquid Limit for Characterisation of Expansive Soil Sites. Characteristic expansive or swelling materials are highly plastic clays and clay shales that often contain colloidal clay minerals such as the montmorillonites. Compared to multi-story structures, low rise buildings such as houses, some office buildings or apartment complexes are especially at risk because they do not weigh very much compared to the relatively large area they can cover. Ann. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Englewood Cliffs. An explanation of such behaviour might be the friction resistance induced between the sand particles. Eur. Expansive soil or clay is considered to be one of the more problematic soils and it causes damage to various civil engineering structures because of its swelling and shrinking potential when it comes into contact with water. de lquipement N26, 5366. Geology.com. Indian Standard IS:1498 (1970). This interaction is modelled by two types of forces: Van der Waals surface forces and the adsorption forces between clay minerals and water molecules. (1989). *Correspondence: Mounir Bouassida, mounir.bouassida@enit.utm.tn, Characterization of expansive soils and mitigation of swelling phenomena, View all Civ. (reaffirmed 1987). This cycle of shrinkage and swelling places repetitive stress on structures, and damage worsens over time. Paper No. From this figure, it is seen that data of non-expansive soils, characterised by a swell pressure lower or equal to nearly 50kPa belong to the side where Cc/Cs ratio is greater than 10. This repetitious cycle of swelling and shrinkage puts serious stress on your homes foundation causing eitherfoundation settlementorfoundation heave both will get worse over time. Adjective. During the unloading phase, comparison between Figures 7A,B indicate that the increase in thickness of the expansive soil specimen is not only attributed to the release of vertical stress, the second fact is attributed to the swell induced by the infiltrated water within the soil specimen. Expansive Soils are soils that have the ability to shrink and/or swell, and thus change in volume, in relation to changes in their moisture content. Expansive soils are present throughout the world and are known in every US state. Comparison of Cc/Cs ratio method to others methods. The second type of characterization uses data obtained from an inferential test either by direct or by indirect methods. (B) Free swellTime curve of case 2 (47% Sand +47% S1) under 0.25kPa. This article first introduces a new method of characterization of expansive clays after oedometer test results performed on intact saturated clay specimens. ISBN-10: 0132496348. Prediction of Swelling Potential for Compacted Clays. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. [2], Mitigation of the effects of expansive clay on structures built in areas with expansive clays is a major challenge in geotechnical engineering. The American Society of Civil Engineers has estimated that as high as one in four houses in the United States has some form of damage caused by expansive soils. Aniculaesi, M., and Lungu, I. This change in volume is not stable, resulting in pressure that can be detrimental to construction projects. (A) Swelling evolution of an expansive clay (Case 1) under different loads. Table 5 illustrates the vertical displacements and the final stress levels for both cases. Mitigation of the swelling phenomena can be attained by using a granular layer separation between the foundation and the swelling clay. This is because their damage is done slowly and cannot be attributed to a specific event. Homeowners Insurance and Geologic Hazards. Expansive soil or clay is considered to be one of the more problematic soils and it causes damage to various civil engineering structures because of its swelling and shrinking potential when it comes into contact with water. Shrinking-swelling of clay under the Effect of Hydric Cycles. Mahamedi, A., and Khemissa, M. (2013). 121, 641663. 2022 Dalinghaus Construction. 7, 754761. doi:10.3389/fbuil.2021.754761. Treating fine grained soils with a calcium-based reagent, such as lime, can modify the clay portion of soils and reduce the shrink/swell potential. Mintek has a full innovation center that offers soil testing. Data insufficient to indicate the clay content or the swelling potential of soils. Several researchers have found ways to classify expansive soils by indirect methods: Atterberg limits tests (Holtz and Gibbs, 1956; IS:1498, 1970; Chen, 1975), activity method (Skempton, 1953; Seed et al., 1962; Sridharan and Prakash, 2016) and the clay fraction method (Holtz and Gibbs, 1956; Chen, 1965; Holtz et al., 2011). Non-consideration of the current oedometer parameters can be thought of as a minor limitation that can be helpful. Expansive soils can cause considerable damage to civil engineering structures and foundations. Soil Mech. doi:10.1007/s41403-016-0001-9, Athmania, D., Benaissa, A., Hammadi, A., and Bouassida, M. (2010). FIGURE 3. As adjectives the difference between extensive and expansive. (A) Free swellTime curve of case 1 (only expansive clay) under 0.25kPa. Large cracks and fissures can also develop in the soil. In this paper, swelling deformation and pressure tests were conducted to clarify the effects of the initial water content on the swelling properties. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Photo. structure (mircopores within soil peds and macropores between the soil peds) and (ii) soil state (void ratio and degree of saturation). Kaling Taki . *Note Proper drainage is a must for expansive soil treatment. moisture content changes. This water movement generates pressure and, consequently, induces the swelling of the clay (Sahin, 2011). How To Identify Expansive Soils. Clay particles are plate-shaped, having a negative charge on their surface in presence of the interstitial water solution and water molecules. In turn, when Cc/Cs ratio is lower than 8 one can identify expansive soils for which the swell pressure is in the range of 75400kPa. This shrinkage canremovestructural support from a home or structure and result in damaging subsidence. In a typical year in the United States, they cause a greater financial . According to the classification by Chen (1975), the physical parameters of this sample, given in Table 4, indicate that it has a medium swell potential. Expansive soils are having inherent property of shrinking when it is dried and swelling when water is absorbed. It is actually widely used to produce paper and is the main component in porcelain. The damage done by expansive soils is then attributed to poor construction practices or a misconception that all buildings experience this type of damage as they age. To analyze the effect of the granular for mitigating the swelling pressure, two oedometer tests were performed on a pure clay specimen. beidellite, vermiculite, attapulgite, nontronite, and chlorite. Whilst, in the warm season, the expansive soil shrinks, then fissures appear (Figures 3A,B) which will be filled by dust or also by plants growing in it. J Geotech Test 28(3):240246, Greaves HM (1996) An introduction to lime stabilization. Expansive soils are among the top natural hazards and phenomena such as earthquakes, hurricanes, floods and tornadoes (Chen, 1975). reinforced concrete wall subjected to active pressures induced by expansive clays. Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, vol 55. NSE Technical Transactions 32(4):6576, Osula DOA (1991) lime modification of problem laterite. 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. Taki, K., Bhattacharya, P. (2020). This article focuses on how the swelling phenomenon is triggered in expansive clays. | Careers |Privacy policy | Terms and Conditions | Contact Us | Sitemap. On the other hand, when expansive soils dry out, they decrease in volume and shrink. The usefulness fluctuations occur) is small and where a suitable replacement material is available. Much of the world has at least some documentation of expansive soils. TABLE 1. This design, as shown in Figure 8A, was chosen because the load distribution (swelling pressure of soil) on the foundation is different to that on a granular layer, which is non-continuous loading (Figure 8B). University of Khartoum, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering, Proceedings of the Indian Geotechnical Conference 2019: IGC 2019, Volume 4, This article is part of the Research Topic, https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2022.836277. FIGURE 5. Expansion and contraction with changes in moisture content limit expansive soils engineering uses without some sort of modification. Wang, J. X. To better illustrate this process, exchangeable cations are attracted to the surface of the negatively charged clay particles. All clays consist of mineral sheets packaged into layers, and can be classified as either 1:1 or 2:1. Disturbed clay sample, S1 sample. Springer, Singapore. 251404N, 1101048E), southern China, labeled as Soils 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Inexpensive definition, not expensive; not high in price; costing little. Numerical Modeling of Retaining Wall Resting on Expansive Soil. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. The proposed characterization method is based on the Cc/Cs ratio by using data collected from four (04) case histories and selected ones from others countries (Algeria and United States). Over 50 percent of these areas are underlain by soils with abundant clays of high swelling potential. Documented evidence of the existence of and difficult engineering problems associated with expansive clays and loessial soils is world-wide. TABLE I. (1994). Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. The compacted sand layer acts as a shock absorber to reduce the swelling pressure effect of the soil. We are your one-stop shop for Calciment, quicklime, bed ash, fly ash, cement, hydrated lime, & more. Determination of pH value (second revision), IS: 2720 (Part 40)-1977. Learn more. Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) tests were carried out for different curing periods of 0, 3, 7, 21 and 28days. Less than 50% of these areas are underlain by soils with abundant clays of slight to moderate swelling potential. In case of non-expansive soil, it was 3.5 times higher in Lime than RHA treatment. Station, Vicksburg, MS. Report No. Civil Eng. Over 50% of these areas are underlain by soils with abundant clays of slight to moderate swelling potential. Oedometer cell with displacement sensor. (B) Load distribution by adding a granular layer Sf < Si. TABLE 2. After observed results, the specimen swelling is noticed (Figures 14A,B). However, that large-scale view is not very useful for individual construction projects. Master Thesis. In North of Tunisia, several projects are in progress where expansive clays exist from the ground surface and extend to deep layers. Expansive soils alsoshrink, compress when they dry out. J Eng Geol 42(1996):223237, CrossRef However, each of these approaches may In a typical year in the United States, they cause a greater financial loss to property owners than earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, and tornadoes combined. Expansive Soil in Sudan, BBRI Current Papers. These low rise buildings also typically have shallow foundations which are more susceptible to soil movements than deep foundations found on taller structures. This method is fundamen-tally similar to the Tuller and Or (2005) method that is considered to be applicable for soils with SSA < 200 m2=g(Tuller and Or 2005). Even though expansive soils cause enormous amounts of damage, most people have never heard of them. Pedialyte (for after those hard nights when the other expansive soils soak up liqour like a sponge). The study focusses on comparative analysis of mechanical properties of Bentonite (expansive soil) and Kaolinite (non-expansive soil) treated with Lime and Rice Husk Ash (RHA). FIGURE 7. Foundations can be built with extensive reinforcements that can withstand the force generated from expansive soils. Proc. 115 (1), 121. First, the article suggests a new approach for characterizing expansive soils from oedometer test results and, second, the mitigation of swelling phenomenon by using a granular material, as an interface tested in a laboratory, for reducing the swelling pressure on foundations. Cracks in walls and ceilings will also be consistent with differential heave. Whilst when the Cc/Cs<10, one should consider calculating the swelling pressure. The more water they absorb, the more their volume increases. These include: smectite, bentonite, montmorillonite, J Mater Civil Eng 19(3):242248, Neville AM, Brooks JJ (2004) Concrete technology. Soc. Expansions of ten percent or more are not uncommon. (2021). Expansive soils generally contain some form of clay mineral that is able to absorb water and swell when wet then shrink when dry. A threshold value of the ratio C c /C s was identified to distinguish between expansive clay specimens and non-expansive clay specimens. This layer plays, first, the role of an absorber of the swelling pressure. When the soil contains very little expansive minerals, it has little expansive potential. (Check out our5 Types of Residential Foundations Popular in America: A Brief Foundational Overview. The more water they absorb, the more their volume increases. One laboratory test to measure the expansion potential of soil is ASTM D 4829. Expansive soils generally contain some form of clay mineral that is able to absorb water and swell when wet then shrink when dry. The significant color differences between dry and wet soils are the basis of an image-based SWC prediction technique. However, some areas are underlain by soils which have been transported by wind, water or ice. In: Proceedings of 6th regional conference Africa on Soil mechanics and foundation engineering, Durban, South Africa, Osinubi KJ, Katte VY (1997) Effect of elapsed time after mixing on grain size and plasticity characteristic, I: soil-lime mixe. The most reported types of damages are cracking of pavements, basement walls, floors, foundations and hydraulic structures. Compression index (Cc) and the swelling index (Cs) are determined from an oedometer test during which the tested soil specimen is permanently submerged, hence full saturation condition applies for the tested soil specimen during loading and unloading steps. Res. Federal Highway Administration Research and Technology (1999). As for mitigation, adequate methods to prevent the swell effect should be formulated. in expansive soil as is illustrated in Fig. Then, the specimen settlement started. According to Holtz and Gibbs (1956), the conventional oedometer swell test is the most useful and reliable assessment of the swell potential. Compiled data of about Thirty-one (31) specimens mostly collected from four Tunisian sites and two sites (Algeria and United States), revealed that soils with Cc/Cs 8; their swelling pressure exceeds 50kPa. Among the clay minerals, the smectite group is responsible for soils high swelling properties, in particular montmorillonite (Chen, 1988). Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. These volume changes can either in the form of swell or in the form shrinkage. Expansive Soil And Foundation Cracks Video. Expansive soils shrink and swell in response to soil moisture levels. Less than 50% of these areas are underlain by soils with clays of high swelling potential. In: Prashant, A., Sachan, A., Desai, C. (eds) Advances in Computer Methods and Geomechanics . The procedure for success is as follows: Expert assistance is usually needed to do these things successfully. Inexpensive. Swelling pressure versus Cc/Cs ratio. Lahmadi, A., Titoum, M., and Bakir, N. (2013). doi:10.1061/(asce)0733-9410(1989)115:1(1). Experimental and Numerical Study on Swelling Potential Estimation of Expansive Clay Mixtures, in Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering ICGE13, Tunisia, 281288. Previously expanded soils that have since contracted contain cracks or voids left behind by the loss of moisture. The research results indicate that the soil in Gedebage is expansive soil that has very high swelling properties with a Plasticity Index (PI) value of 48.09%. Built Environ. Damages in retaining walls at the National Engineering School of Tunis (Manigniavy, 2021). Fun Facts with Brian Each year in the United States alone, expansive soils cause$2.3 billiondollars in damages to houses, roads, pipelines, and other structures. Check out our exhaustiveUltimate Guide To Foundation Repair. 2023 Springer Nature Switzerland AG. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. The best way to conclude if soil is expansive is through site specific laboratory testing. 28 (6), 805813. CP.3/83. Oedometer parameters of clayey specimens. Some larger heavier structures are able to suppress pressure and movements associated with the volume changes of expansive soils. The plasticity chart in Figure 6 reveals that data collected for non-swelling clays are located in the low plasticity zone. Expert Answer 100% (2 ratings) Swelling or expansive clays increase in volume, while loessial collapsing soils decrease in volume when theirmoisture content increases under constant applied stress. In the future, this research aims to collect more data to confirm the first findings on the characterization of expansive clays and to further investigate the performance of using granular material as a separation zone between foundations and expansive soil to mitigate the swelling phenomenon. Damage to a home caused by expansive soils can be catastrophic for a homeowner. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. Kim, H-K., Shin, H., and Kang, Y-T. (2013). Buildings that have been built on expansive soils without extensive reinforcements may have cracks in foundations, walls, floors or ceilings. Does Homeowners Insurance Cover Expansive Soil Damage? Expandable soils are referred to by many names. From collected data, Figure 5 plots the variation of the swell pressure vs Cc/Cs ratio. Tuesday, January 23, 2018 An Overview Expansive soils, also known as soils with high shrink-swell potential, are common in various geographic regions, especially the central portion of North America. The interpretation of the results and main findings are addressed in the final section. Expansive soil is a soil/clay (such as montmorillonite or bentonite) that is prone to expansion or shrinkage due directly to variation in water volume. BM: principal investigator; S.A. Manigniavy: PhD fellow D. Azaiez: Ph D fellow Y. Bouassida: co supervisor of PhD fellow. Simply put, expansive soils contract and are very hard when dry, then expand and are sticky when wet. A&M, Proceeding of the 2nd International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering ICGE10, 3me Confrence Maghrbine en Ingnierie Gotechnique CMIG13, Proceedings of the Golden Jubilee Indian Geotechnical Conference, Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering ICGE13, National Engineering School of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, No. Azam, S., Ito, M., and Chowdhury, R. (2013). Other key factors include initial water content, void ratio, plasticity index and density. Expansive soils contain minerals, such assmectite clays, that are prone to absorb copious amounts of moisture. Two cored samples, noted S1 and S2 (Figure 10; Table 4), have been extracted at the site of the National Engineering School of Tunis at a depth of 0.6 m (Figures 3A,B). Damage Mechanism of Expansive Soils. in Proceeding of the 2nd International Conference on Geotechnical Engineering ICGE10, Tunisia, 125131. In case of Lime the reduction in strength may be due to formation of the silica gel or excess Lime content beyond the optimum content may act as a lubricating agent between two-soil particle and reducing the shear resistance. A deeper look at expansive soils shows that they are typically made up of more than one third fine-grained clay and at least half of that clay is capable of expanding. The latter are generally transferred from a higher to a lower concentration in a solution to ensure that the ions are evenly distributed. Kehew, E. A. The merit of the suggested approach is to consider the soil parameters of current use, as determined by the oedometer tests, without consideration of the free-swell test result. Expansive soils contain minerals, such as smectite clays, that are prone to absorb copious amounts of moisture. Expansive clays have become a worldwide concern in the field of geotechnical engineering because of the problems they cause in several countries. 1 (1). Summary of shrink-swell phenomenon. Seed, H. B., Woodward, R. J., and Lundgren, R. (1962). Audi S Line Logo Volante Interno Adesivo Emblema Autoadesivo NERO Una scelta saggia Negozi di Flagship Ultimi arrivi, sconti limitati bluebinaries.com, 40 Le migliori offerte per Audi S Line Logo Volante Interno Adesivo Emblema Autoadesivo NERO sono su Confronta prezzi e caratteristiche di prodotti nuovi e usati Molti . Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Water Way Exp. Snethen, D. R., Johnson, L. D., and Patrick, D. M. (1977). relatively low in price or charging low prices; 'it would have been cheap at twice the price'; 'inexpensive family restaurants'; Over 50 percent of these areas are underlain by soils with abundant clays of slight to moderate swelling potential. Expansive soils have to be considered during the engineering process before construction of buildings, pavements, electrical pylons, pipelines, or other projects can begin. J. Geotech. Countless buildings in many cities across the globe, both large and small, are built on expansive soils. Bouassida, M., Ben Ouezdou, M., and Trabelsi, H. (2006). Land areas were assigned to map soil categories based upon the type of bedrock that exists beneath them as shown on a geologic map. Landscape architects can design and build on sites with expansive soil if they get the right information and engineering guidance. (2016). University of Khartoum. During time, the swelling rate decreases; in fact, in the intervals time (0; 2000s); (2000; 4,500s); (4,500; 5,000s); (5,000; 6,000s), the swelling rates are equal to 22.4nm/s, 38.5nm/s, 17.1nm/s, 36nm/s and 15nm/s, respectively. Both shrinking and swelling are structurally unstable soil characteristics. X-ray Diffraction and Scanning Electron Microscope tests were carried out to study the mineralogical and microstructural properties of the soil. The former three are expansive soils, and the last is red clay. Of course, some conditions are required to cause expansion and contraction and certain conditions can exacerbate these processes and put extra strain on your property. In contrast, the title of emperor is usually conferred by way of hereditary succession, though in some . . that will expand with changes in temperature. Finding the optimum efficiency and thickness of the granular layer to reduce the swelling pressure is the objective. However, a number of clay minerals are expansive. Cracks are a telling sign that expansive soils are present. TABLE 3. Expansive soils generally contain some form of clay mineral that is able to absorb water and swell when wet then shrink when dry. Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, India, Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India, You can also search for this author in One important difference between king and emperor lies in the rules governing succession to the title. The space between the clay particles is smaller than the dimensions of some cations. J Construct Build Mater 19(2005):448453, Brooks RM (2009) Soil Stabilization with Fly Ash and Rice Husk Ash. Generally, the more clay content, the greater the potential for expansion. Gueddouda, M. K., Goual, I., Lamara, M., and Goual, S. (2013). Engineering Properties of an Expansive Soil, in Proceeding of the 18th International Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Paris, 199202. Nelson, J. D., Chao, K. C., Overton, D. D., and Nelson, E. J. Expansive Soil Characterisation: an Appraisal. This continuous cycle of wet to dry soil keeps the soil in perpetual motion causing structures built on this soil to sink or rise unevenly, often requiring foundation repair. of soil present and determine their expansive properties. Here at Dalinghaus Construction Inc., we talk a lot aboutfoundation settlementandfoundation heave. Every year they cause billions of dollars in damage. Figures 7A,B show the difference between the respective oedometer curves of a non-expansive soil and an expansive soil, however without having any notice about the measurement of the free swell. Another very common sign of expansive soil heave is cracking and lifting of the floor slab of a two-car garage. When expansive soils are present, they will generally not cause a problem if their water content Herrin M, Mitchell H (1961) Lime-soil mixtures. The present study also showed, after experimental laboratory investigation, that the use of a granular material layer (sand) as an interface between the foundation and an expansive clay layer reduces the swelling of tested specimen, in oedometer condition, to 21.4%, for a HG/HS ratio equal to 0.9 (HG: the thickness of the granular layer and HS: the thickness of an expansive soil).
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