I use WIKI 2 every day and almost forgot how the original Wikipedia looks like. /GS8 28 0 R -Single vivid instances: dominate our images of group members. -Participants administered at least some shocks and 62% showed complete obedience, administering all the shocks, -State of mind where someone believes in absolute obedience or submission to one's own authority as well as oppressing subordinates. << What characterizes the peripheral route and what kinds of decisions are involved? When processing with System 1 which start automatically without control, people expend little or even no effort, but can generate complex patterns of ideas. [2] [3], The term cognitive miser was first introduced by Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in 1984. /CS /DeviceRGB /Slide /Part Cognitive miserliness was first proposed as a model for human thinking in 1984 by psychologists Susan Fiske and Shelley Taylor in their book Social Cognition. In this chapter, we present the multiple knowing processes evolved to enable the tactical flexibility to pursue diverse goals.. It spans a topic. -Simple tasks: surrounded by people during a simple task makes us perform better >> 24 0 obj attending a lecture, going to a restaurant, plane trips), PSYC1030: Personality Content-free schema: rules for processing information. 6,000 & 7,000 \\ q*15Q[7t. The implications of this theory raise important questions about both cognition and humanbehavior. 343 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 346 0 R 347 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R] How did Asch study conformity? -1 in 5 people exhibit racist attitudes, MODERN: cognitive For example, people tend to make correspondent reasoning and are likely to believe that behaviors should be correlated to or representative of stable characteristics. /Type /Group /Parent 2 0 R What topics are of interest to Social Psychologists? /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] In 1987, a researcher named Oliver Sacks stu (Aronson, Wilson, and Akert, 2010) A schema is a category that is created about as our minds way of storing information. >> [1] Just as a miser seeks to avoid spending money, the human mind often seeks to avoid spending cognitive effort. a. Which is viewed as more homogeneous? /Contents 36 0 R schemas create theories about how features go together and why, helps determine category membership, expertise affects the way we classify objects, classifying things according to how similar they are to the typical case, example of representativeness heuristic in medicine, the medicine should look like the disease eat bats for blindness, failure to recognize the the co-occurrence of two outcomes cannot be greater than the probability of each outcome alone, making judgments about the frequency or likelihood of an event based on the ease with which evidence or examples come to mind, tendency to assume that one has contributed more than their fair share to joint endeavors, spouses and house work [13] People's behavior is not based on direct and certain knowledge, but pictures made or given to them. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding You should be drawing on discussions of attribution models, attribution bias . In addition to streamlining cognition in complicated, analytical tasks, the cognitive miser approach is also used when dealing with unfamiliar issues and issues of great importance. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 >> >> /F2 22 0 R /F2 22 0 R /FirstChar 32 /Type /Font they will move along the continuum and take a attribute based approach, so we 6 [194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R 203 0 R What is social loafing? << 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /StructParents 1 If the statement is always true, explain why. /Type /Page To reduce prejudice, what situations need to be established? 15 0 obj [2][34] Yet certain pitfalls may be neglected in these shortcuts. /Font << >> /StructParents 7 meaning, it reduces uncertainty and helps us to predict social behaviours Here is an example of how people's belief are formed under the dual process model in several steps: The reasoning process can be activated to help with the intuition when: Conflicts also exists in this dual-process. 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R 152 0 R 153 0 R 154 0 R 155 0 R 156 0 R 157 0 R 158 0 R /F2 22 0 R [22], Samuel Popkin argues that voters make rational choices by using information shortcuts that they receive during campaigns, usually using something akin to a drunkard'ssearch. System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. /Type /Group /F4 24 0 R Who is Kurt Lewin & what is "Action Research? /Group << The metaphor of cognitive misers could assist people in drawing lessons from risks, which is the possibility that an undesirable state of reality may occur. >> 611 500 556 722 0 0 0 556 0 0 [2][20] Given the limited information processing capabilities of individuals, people are always trying to adopt strategies that simplify complex problems. endobj perception of our world. during socialrejection/inclusion, IMPRESSION: an idea, feeling, or opinion about something orsomeone, especially one formed without conscious thought or onthe basis of little evidence, PERSON PERCEPTION: the process through which people observeother people, interpret information about them, draw inferencesabout them, & develop mental representations of them, provides the basis for the way we think, feel, and behavetowards others, physical characteristics (e.g. Contents. 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R 309 0 R 310 0 R 311 0 R 312 0 R What percentage of the population exhibits racist attitudes? << endobj 2 0 obj [11] Through the study of causal attributions, led by Harold Kelley and Bernard Weiner amongst others, social psychologists began to observe that subjects regularly demonstrate several attributional biases including but not limited to the fundamental attribution error. 18 0 obj It will enhance any encyclopedic page you visit with the magic of the WIKI 2 technology. [2], The metaphor of the cognitive miser assumes that the human mind is limited in time, knowledge, attention, and cognitive resources. -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy -Motivation: feel good -Post decision dissonance: start like flawed scientists after we're motivated to who'd rather feel right What is the power of single vivid instances? They would rather rely on heuristics and shortcuts to make decisions. as a representative of a group or an individual separate from any category endobj /Nums [0 [52 0 R 53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R 56 0 R 57 0 R 58 0 R 59 0 R 60 0 R 61 0 R The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. /Count 13 /DescendantFonts [366 0 R] Since cooperators offer to play more often, and fellow cooperators will also more often accept their offer, the researchers arrived at the consensus that cooperators would have a higher expected payoff compared with defectors when certain boundary conditions are met. Recent psychological studies have looked very closely at when and why people engage in careful cognitive . /Parent 2 0 R /MarkInfo << /Tabs /S >> Built within the framework of self-categorization, researchers believe that people employ categorical thinking to make sense of the social world. When processing with System 2, people allocate attention to effortful mental activities required, and can construct thoughts in an orderly series of steps. >> Psychology concepts and studies for a level work, contains everything you will need to know for the exam or if you are doing a btech course pick up the key points and add your own examples, feel free to use this on whatever you need, best used for revision and advanced psychology work at university level, The availability heuristic is responsible for a bias known the degree to which something is extreme) is what effects does motivation have on hypothesis testing? -"I told the other participant I liked the task and I got pad only one dollar to do so, so I must've actually liked it". /Title (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test Bank) >> {\text { Price }} & {\text { Quantity }} \\ What is the Sensation vs Perception Bias? [>>>] << To save cognitive energy, cognitive misers tend to assume that other people are similar to themselves. /Parent 2 0 R /Type /Page << Exemplar view: representation is set of examples of members. -Ex Chinese immigrants for making the railroads. /BaseFont /Times-Roman >> Heuristics are one way that we save resources. What is an internal versus an external attribution? x[[Ggc%adp 3 t_hbdK _TwUt5vQ_Nw.{1_.;?nEM]0{?;a}|o/91m~?=>6Gc;xv;{x^(]G!=ig/ho#1na{quo|8Lg?b79?=|xCd]%ZtnrYHo/cauo~qeiL&'?Yv:woa =)Cnf;ZyK|HJ!C|XzfNbpyf`|*F how many defining category features they have), Person schema: individualised knowledge structures aboutspecific people (e.g. Later models suggest that the cognitive miser and the nave scientist create two poles of social cognition that are too monolithic. [34], The theory that human beings are cognitive misers, also shed light on the dual process theory in psychology. >> "[22] In democracies, where no vote is weighted more or less because of the expertise behind its casting, low-information voters, acting as cognitive misers, can have broad and potentially deleterious choices for a society. /Type /StructTreeRoot /F2 22 0 R /Producer [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. -Attribution: process of assigning causes to behavior. CallUrl('www>macmillanihe>com> 500 0 0 389 278] /Resources << Stereotype, as a phenomenon, has become a standard topic in sociology and social psychology.[14]. /Type /Font 1 0 obj [clarificationneeded] Errors can be prevented only by enhanced monitoring of System 2, which costs a plethora of cognitive efforts. /Subtype /Type0 12 0 obj /Dialogsheet /Part -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy. >> Pennycook . What causes deindividuation? (b) Estimate the time at which the ball is at its highest point and estimate the height of the ball at that time. 7,000 & 6,000 \\ /F3 23 0 R >> 358 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R 359 0 R 360 0 R 361 0 R 362 0 R 282 0 R 313 0 R 314 0 R 315 0 R 316 0 R 317 0 R 318 0 R 319 0 R 320 0 R 321 0 R 322 0 R /GS8 28 0 R [5][6] These shortcuts include the use of schemas, scripts, stereotypes, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. /Group << endobj This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R 190 0 R 191 0 R 192 0 R 193 0 R] 347 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R] 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R 332 0 R /Contents 35 0 R 28 0 obj /F3 23 0 R >> Fiske and Taylor (1984) used the term cognitive miser to refer to broad tendencies to resist new ideas, to minimize effortful thought, and to avoid revising ones beliefs. The Nave Scientist Attribution theory Making Attributions Attributional Biases The Cognitive Miser Heuristics The Motivated Tactician Social Categorization Basic Principles Why Do We Categorize? /Tabs /S << -employ equal status contact, need equal opportunities, -Need to belong: a motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions. /StructParents 0 >> as. In what ways can economic and political competition affect prejudice and discrimination? Bats, balls, and substitution sensitivity: cognitive misers are no happy fools . /Subject (Social Cognition From Brains to Culture 2nd Edition Fiske Test BankInstant Download) 10 0 obj [26] [27], Based on the assumption that human beings are cognitive misers and tend to minimize the cognitive costs, low-information rationality was introduced as an empirically grounded alternative in explaining decision making and attitude formation. 2U>aQ K/)QCqQ"#G'og|Bc. if we can't find evidence that matches the hypothesis is false. objects can be similar or dissimilar on an infinite number of dimensions. Instead, Fiske, Taylor, and ArieW.Kruglanski and other social psychologists offer an alternative explanation of social cognition: the motivatedtactician. [21] Unless the cognitive environment meets certain requirements, we will try to avoid thinking as much as possible. Daniel Kahneman described these as intuitive (System 1) and reasoning (System 2) respectively.[35]. "[19] In their work, Kahneman and Tversky demonstrated that people rely upon different types of heuristics or mental short cuts in order to save time and mental energy. What does WEIRD refer to? The meaning seeker theory reject both metaphors of human cognitive behaviors of cognitive miser and motivated tactician. /Subtype /TrueType [37], The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation. -Examples: sports events. [39][originalresearch? /Name /F2 /CS /DeviceRGB How do we use positive test strategy to test hypotheses? others. Introducing Cram Folders! -Becoming less pervasive [15] Fiske and Taylor, building upon the prevalence of heuristics in human cognition, offered their theory of the cognitive miser. Just as the behaviorist, reinforced leaner gave way to actively thinking organisms throughout the formative periods of social-cognition research, so too did view of the social thinker develop, roughly divided by decade: the naive scientist (1970s), the cognitive miser (1980s), the motivated tactician (1990s), and the activated actor (2000s). [7], Before Fiske and Taylor's cognitive miser theory, the predominant model of social cognition was the nave scientist. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding endobj affects the amount of effort we invest searching for information to test hypothesis, Lifespan and Development Chapters 1-8 Midterm, Elliot Aronson, Robin M. Akert, Timothy D. Wilson. However, other psychologists also argue that the cognitively miserly tendency of humans is a primary reason why "humans are often less than rational". Journalize Versailles Co.s entries to record the payment. [16] [17] [18] Heuristics can be defined as the "judgmental shortcuts that generally get us where we need to goand quicklybut at the cost of occasionally sending us off course. Attempting to observe things freshly and in detail is mentally exhausting, especially among busy affairs. [8] In this way, humans were thought to think like scientists, albeit nave ones, measuring and analyzing the world around them. %PDF-1.4 On the other hand, in Lippmann's view, people are told about the world before they see it. /Subtype /TrueType >> In this sense, effective communication can be achieved if media provide audiences with cognitive shortcuts or heuristics that are resonate with underlying audience schemata.
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