b. all of the above Population size can be estimated using the formula, According to the theory of demographic transition ,rapid growth occurs during phase, Which of the following best describes acid mine drainage, The leakage of water containing toxic materials from coal and metal mines, Which of the following elements constitutes the highest percentage in the earths crust, Which rock type is paired with its correct mode of formation, What is the difference between weathering and erosion, Weathering is the breakdown of rock , erosion is the removal of sediment, Topsoil,a mix of decaying organic matter and underlying soil is the, Select the correct order of physical size of sediment particles from largest to smallest, Which of the following represents a positive feedback loop in the Artic that is associated with anthropogenic climate change, Artic ocean ice melts- ocean surface water temperature increases- more ice melts, Andrew Friedland, Elisa McCracken, Libby Jones, Nat Draper, Rick Relyea, Environmental Science: A Study of Interrelationships, Oceanography-Chapter 16- Oceans and Climate C. Carbon dioxide 4 & 10 \\ Which of the following would NOT increase biological oxygen demand (BOD)? a. If Earth had no atmosphere, the mean surface temperature would be approximately -15C. This is triggered when winds blow water across the oceans surface, allowing deeper water to rise up to replace this displaced surface water. a. sandy loam a. mid-oceanic B Low High Fungi secreting enzymes into a fallen tree are able to cycle the nutrients from the tree back to the soil. Both temperature and salinity impact where the water goes as it circulates throughout the globe. e. wind blowing at the beach, The beneficial ozone layer is in this region of the atmosphere When two oceanic plates collide the older is forced under the younger, and it forms island arcs. So, as the planet warms, it's the ocean that gets most of the extra energy. -1 & 4 \\ a. extinction of species is a natural process, and the process is always faster on islands c. tropical vortex effect b. b. Oceans cover 71% of the globe, storing and transferring heat energy around the world. Cold surface currents come from polar and temperate latitudes, and they tend to flow towards the equator. a. decreased upwelling events Energy is neither created nor destroyed in a physical or chemical reaction LIke temperature, the salt in the ocean affects its density (the amount mass per volume). surface oceanic circulation results most directly in the. However, the seasonal dynamics of ocean circulation are poorly understood in the ice-covered continental shelves due to difficulties in conducting observations. Cold winds blowing over the oceans chill the waters beneath them. b. Convection A plate boundary where two plates move away from each other. c. scavenger One notable exception was the Gulf Stream, which is likely slowing for an unrelated reason: As Arctic ice melts, it dilutes the sinking, salty water in the North Atlantic that pulls the current northward. Since 86% of global evaporation and 78% of global precipitation occur over the ocean, ocean surface salinity is the key variable for understanding how fresh water input and output affects ocean dynamics. A process known as thermohaline circulation, or the ocean conveyor belt, drives these deep, underwater currents. At these locations, there is a large difference between temperatures during the day and night, and during the warmest and coldest parts of the year. a. the greenhouse effect Similar to a person trying to walk in a straight line across a spinning merry-go-round, winds and ocean waters get deflected from a straight line path as they travel . surface oceanic circulation results most directly in thebest imperial trooper team swgoh piett. Warm Vs. The ocean conveyor belt circulates ocean water around the entire planet. It underlies the African Sergengeti and supplies millions of people with freshwater. e. Sulfur and water cycles, Earthquakes can cause damage upon release of vibration through the surrounding rock, called b. sand b. human exponential growth c. decreased nutrient levels d. They disrupt life-support systems for living organisms b. large ears to give off excess heat In this way, heated water raises the normal level of the sea surface. Thermohaline circulation occurs because winds move warm surface waters from the equator towards the poles, where the water cools and increases in density. Country D 10 30 e. have numerous predators that cause an increase in the number of predators, All of the following are true of El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) EXCEPT: Prevailing winds, which are winds that blow predominantly from a particular direction, flow across the ocean surface, pushing the. These cold patches are what remains of the subsurface "engine" of the La Nina, now starting to turn off slowly as warmer waters move in. b. economics is an important facilitator of sustainable societies Help News from Science publish trustworthy, high-impact stories about research and the people who shape it. A=4261039,B=220341202,C=514037, D=[610],E=[134]D=\left[\begin{array}{l}6 \\ 1 \\ 0\end{array}\right], \quad E=\left[\begin{array}{lll}1 & 3 & -4\end{array}\right] Like the warm surface currents, they are driven mainly by the wind. Click the icons and bolded terms (e.g. e. Uneven heating of the Earth's surface, Plants require phosphorous to form which compound? As we have seen, winds blow from areas of high atmospheric pressure to regions of low atmospheric pressure. In the east, you can see the remaining cold anomalies. a. pesticides from modern agriculture, primarily Ocean circulation is an essential part of How the Earth System Works. c. sunlight c. Carbon and nitrogen cycles Surface Currents At the ocean surface, currents are primarily driven by winds. c. Water Vapor Seen from space, the circulating waters offer a study in both chaos and order. Between 30 o and 60 o lie the Ferrel Cells , composed of sinking air at 30 o and rising air at 60 o (Figure 8.2.3). Like the heated air in a hot-air balloon, heated water expands. surface oceanic circulation results most directly in the a. Environmental Protection Agency. This results in a fault (crack/fracture), which can cause earthquakes when the energy is built up and suddenly released. Winds, water density, and tides all drive ocean currents. Ocean circulation is such an important process in the Earth system because currents transport heat, oxygen, nutrients, and living organisms. If we've learned anything from the COVID-19 pandemic, it's that we cannot wait for a crisis to respond. d. Small isolated islands have a lower availability of resources. a. Others are confined to particular regions and form slow-moving, circular pools. a. actin In fact, the North Atlantic Ocean tends to be the saltiest, much more than the Pacific. The researchers increased either winds, saltiness, or surface temperatures, while holding all other variables steady. Carbon dioxide e. simple sugars, A resource that can be replaced in a human lifetime is known as a Colder, saline water masses are more dense and sink; while warmer, fresher water masses are less dense and rise. The thermohaline circulation, often referred to as the ocean's "conveyor belt", links major surface and deep water currents in the Atlantic, Indian, Pacific, and Southern Oceans. The thermohaline ocean currents have a strong effect on the Earth System. Density differences are the key to why ocean waters move. c. Thermosphere e. Richter scales, Formed when pre-existing rock is exposed to high heat and pressures c. collagen e. the shape of Earth's landscapes, including building mountains, In which biogeochemical cycles are humans most affecting the natural greenhouse effect? a. increased recreational use of Lake Erie c. heat energy c. an increase in prey, resulting in increase of decomposers c. decomposer a. deoxyribonucleic acid This is an interesting study with a provocative finding, says Sarah Gille, a physical oceanographer at Scripps. In oceanography, a gyre (/ d ar /) is any large system of circulating ocean currents, particularly those involved with large wind movements. d. once a solution is suggested it can never be changed e. suppressed thermocline in the Pacific Ocean, All of the following are examples of non-point source water pollution EXCEPT The study suggests climate change will continue to speed up across ocean currents, potentially limiting the heat the ocean can capture and complicating migrations for already stressed marine life. This is an example of what type of plate boundary? Soil D b. flow of matter and recycling of energy e. no interspecies; greater, In August of 2014, residents of several Ohio cities that use Lake Erie as drinking water source were warned not to drink tap water because of the presence of toxins released by the blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). And given that the speedup is driven by the steady drumbeat of warming, it means these trends are likely to continue in the futureas long as human emissions of greenhouse gases continue. d. warm temperatures, acid precipitation, and occasional wildfires Surface ocean warming appears to be speeding up global currents, reconstructed here from satellite and ship readings. e. The prevailing winds in the tropical Pacific weaken and change directions, All of the following are associated with an El Nino event EXCEPT a. methane Why are decomposers important to ecosystems? d. aquifer \end{array}\right], \quad G=\left[\begin{array}{rr} d. water Which of the following world regions contain the greatest area of rain forest? At the ocean surface, currents are primarily driven by winds. c. melting Predation is similar to ________ in that both types of relationship benefit one of the interacting species while harming the other. This deflection helps formcirculation systems known as gyres. As the winds blow above the ocean surface, the upper . Fig. d. sedimentary a. sulfur cycle Driven in large part by wind, each of them moves as much water as all the worlds rivers combined. b. e. Exosphere, Primary productivity is highest in which of the following ecosystems? Exotic species damage ecosystems because they is the transfer of heat through direct contact between the surface and the atmosphere. d. water vapor b. c. Rotation of the Earth on its axis The region around latitude 60 south is the only part of the Earth where the ocean can flow all the way around the world with no land in the way. The animation also shows another feature of the global ocean circulation: the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. d. Temperate forest receives the most consistent rainfall throughout all seasons, of the three forests October 20, 2021. Climate and ecosystems everywhere on Earth, even those far from the ocean, are affected by the ocean circulation. Fungi secreting enzymes into a fallen tree are able to cycle the nutrients from the tree back to the soil. e. sublimation, A pollution prevention strategy would include An approach to combating global warming by removing already-emitted greenhouse gas is termed, How do animals with cephalization respond differently to the environment than Ocean water is constantly evaporating, increasing the temperature and humidity of the surrounding air to form rain and storms that are then carried by trade winds. As a result, both the surface and deep waters flow from west to east around Antarctica. b. the artificial fertilizer applied to monocultures b. all species of poison arrow frogs have vivid coloration with black markings So to answer the first part of your question, technically yes, but the surface is less dense by such a small amount that it can be considered a negligible difference. 2 & 4 & 0 \\ Low frequency variability in the tropical Atlantic is complex and hard to witness due to the weakness of this signal compared to the dominant seasonal one. c. conservation of resources is always necessary for sustainable societies d. radioactive energy San Andreas Fault in California, Ap Environmental Science - Plate Tectonics SA, AP Environmental Science Self Check: 4.6-4.9. b. saltwater intrusion c. promotes eutrophication when agricultural practices allow it to get into waterways b. mitigation of anoxia b. Being both cold AND salty makes it really dense, so it can sink very far. d. composed of organic compounds and increases the water-holding capacity of soils Concentrations of nine heavy metals (Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Co, Cd, As, and Hg) from marine sediments (2015, n = 38) in the Changjiang River Estuary and contiguous East China Sea were determined. c. Convergent a. a. distasteful Monarch and harmless Viceroy butterflies look alike d. the melting of Antarctic sea ice, resulting in sea level rise The water in the North Atlantic sinks because it is cold and salty. b. some intraspecies; greater d. the frequency of volcanic eruptions coming from tsunami events d. tropical rain forests Currents like the Atlantic Oceans Gulf Stream are highways for marine life, ushers of heat, and drivers of storms. c. have numerous predators that cause an increase in the number of predators d. size of the population Country A 12 4 e. scrubland -> chaparral -> coniferous forest -> tundra, All of the following are true with respect to pollutants EXCEPT the dose-response relationship is linear When scientists discover the existence of an emerging infectious disease such as SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome), they must take immediate steps to determine the cause of the disease and the method of transmission. b. compete with native species for the same resources -2 & -3 \\ Ocean circulation The ocean covers 71% of Earth's surface and is constantly in motion. Salt is really just a molecule in the ocean water, but collectively, that salinity plays an important role in the ocean circulation. This process is known as upwelling. It occurs along the coasts, as well as in the open ocean. e. transports moisture and weather, All of the following are adaptations of a desert animal EXCEPT b. leaching of organic nutrients from topsoil horizon, and occasional salinization b. evolution by natural selection a. less; less This model shows some of the cause and effect relationships among components of the Earth system related to ocean circulation. a. sediments circulation 2004-2012. -2 & 0 \\ More saline water masses are found in areas where there is a lot of evaporation because salt is left in the water, or in polar areas because as ice forms, salt is left in the water. b. On average, the temperate deciduous forest remains above freezing throughout the year Both salinity and temperature work affect the density of water at thesame time, so things can get complicated. d. It is found in both alpine and arctic tundra Your tax-deductible contribution plays a critical role in sustaining this effort. b. deserts b. increased Atlantic coast hurricanes e. Nitrous oxide. c. desert -> savanna -> scrubland -> tropical forest c. carbon dioxide b. sedimentary Country C 33 5.5 c. The warming of the western pacific causes a reduction in upwelling nutrients and an increase in rainfall Increasing temperatures alone caused currents to speed up more than 77% of the oceans surface. e. overdraft, Which of the following is NOT true of permafrost? Overdraft A=[4102369],B=[232240012],C=[501347],A=\left[\begin{array}{rr} Organisms move from one layer to another, and plant and animal remains containing nutrients "rain" down, but the layers stay fairly separate in all but a few places. a. increased hurricanes in the southern United States d. D a. herbivore d. convergent c. Matter quality decreases when energy changes from one form to another c. They can be a hazard to human health c. Soil C Its recent melting has caused the soil to sink damaging roads, houses, and other structures Ocean waters are constantly on the move; understanding how and why they move is not an easy task. a. Surface Currents -- Surface Circulation. Surface currents involve large masses of water moving horizontally on the surface. surface oceanic circulation results most directly in the. d. a kingsnake has coloration similar to the dangerous coral snake In this study, the oceanic responses to given atmospheric boundary conditions are investigated using a mesoscale ocean circulation model. d. A global "conveyor belt" set in motion when deep water sinks and circulates around Earths ocean basins. Nature Clim. Because they have fewer available niches, small isolated islands are targeted and colonized by species. Temperature is another factor that affects density. The ocean plays a crucial role in regulating the temperature and weather of the planet. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is a collection of marine debris in the North Pacific Ocean. Surface currents, also called horizontal currents, are primarily the result of wind pushing on the surface of the water, and the direction and extent of their movement is determined by the distribution of continents. Sea Surface Temperature Rainfall [The new paper] links directly the surface warming and acceleration of upper ocean circulation.. d. decomposer All Rights Reserved. e. dystrophin. While this model does not depict the ocean circulation patterns that results from atmospheric wind and density differences in water masses, it summarizes the key concepts involved in explaining this process. These species are, Secondary succession takes longer than primary succession, Which measure would be most likely to promote fertility above replacement level, Public housing priority for families with more than two children, The most critical factor in controlling human population growth is, decreasing the average number of births per woman, The total fertility rate is an estimate of, The number of children each women in a population will have, Using the rule of 70, a population growth at 10% would double in. Ocean circulation plays a key role in structuring marine ecosystems in the Southern Ocean. Sites on islands or coasts benefit from the moderating effect of the ocean and have "maritime" climates (like San Francisco). d. grassland d. The building of dams The percent increase in carbon dioxide over this period of time is closest to: which of the following gases is the greatest overall contributor to the greenhouse effect? This cold, saline water sinks because of its greater density. b. an epicenter e. space, Molten rock found within the Earth's mantle c. Sulfur and nitrogen cycles c. seismic waves They can damage property d. Carbon dioxide is released during photosynthesis It occurs regularly, every five years in the Pacific Natural selection selects for individuals that compete less. b. convection currents a. Ocean currents are similar to winds in the atmosphere in that they transfer significant amounts of heat from Earth's equatorial areas to the poles and thus play important roles in . e. an increase in predators, resulting in fewer prey, All of the following are methods to reduce the impacts of floods EXCEPT The process in the hydrologic cycle in which water vapor is released from leaves into the atmosphere is called, The zone of hot, partly melted rock which can be deformed by heat and pressure allowing plate movement, In the African savanna, Thompson's gazelles consume short grasses. e. It underlies eastern Quebec and is a limited source of freshwater. b. efforts are being made to manage and protect island biodiversity d. low, but the large expanse of oceans supports enormous numbers of producers such as phytoplankton As water currents move this heat, they affect climate patterns, local weather, the cycling of gases, and the delivery of key nutrients to marine ecosystems. These two components act simultaneously to drive the MOC, the movement of seawater across basins and depths. Other (more local) causes are the lunar tides and river/ice-melt flow from the land. d. we never comprehend resource issues until the resource is gone The mean daily maximum temperatures are 31.2 C, 32.3 C, and 33.3 C, respectively, for historic, mid-century, and end-of-century periods. e. Sulfur and carbon cycles, Which of the following world regions contain the greatest area of rain forest? Image Credit:Major Ocean Currents (source: US Navy Oceanographic Office). Each of these characteristics of ocean water, salinity and temperature,areimportant for the role of oceans in Earth's climate system. a. d. carbohydrates In other words, salty water has more materials in the water than freshwater which makes it more dense than freshwater. Most abundant element in Earth's atmosphere, Country with largest area of boreal forest, Country with largest are of land affected by desertification, Country with largest area of temperate deciduous forest, Traveling southward from the Arctic region of Canada to the tropics of Panama, one passes through several biomes - tundra, coniferous forest, temperate deciduous forest, and tropical rain forest.
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