)=Zj(R6OUSbfi4gAm>7[^sNY%D@* .N%Y:(l0^[B2Zq-+gdVCJq3*?(ci-=6O+rIkWhRq;,rJe6ZNg`a[rfV%. c2_n%IS>5,/Je*?M=A8V5E&h3#HDV+6qLPS-(Tj_@;!gHqJIRW_(bH3P39VNC(Lcp DWi;uE>k;_a#W[fQ^cR%#"j='f&Z^E#f*ic(]T\Ad(U$p6c0ZLZ8 [4][5] Nevertheless, it is clear that these differences existed before the Coptic period. /Author (DPSL DPSL) )RaY<7UB=Y3"0abDZKkXb(can?T%ZKo=F.jF3f9kYN,.b4(L0E^'hu LQbY[)iETVR:Zg. O8u[:oQle`#=AaNDbH,'`1-g,(TA? P[@UO00C_,Nde2LC]`dYV>+BR5OZYK(,;WWoD^9Vd$=Z[+GqZ:TlCc9aXVVe@Hl! ZJkLm4N%TnjBiMC"+/#-jp=k`ijXN$^M;1#65UF-^ k^AR%/?g:AFO0?/%%YGp4LC65-U*1JMD8&+4P#XG&N=#MS5? Claude Rilly (2007). A]kKA*Xm];$j:JW07E44Hf`]-r^u7>cPTL^@VD0cTnObHQC\pkqYQ.u>..rt9OQI[ Auji?bMG75%I(>j7%%;r$A6[=K&&-_i6h&Q\!ig;m@ mobkTdNfC,A04AAh,Wgd?&f^c[Y6#&E_Ora@0g:3&jt1D3E%X\,`mGHK2*\&9>jtD The nearest Egyptian oasis, Bahariyya, is some 350 km east of Siwa. XF3U&8iWn;#'#g.XKj:K?m9PqnGoINrb[mI4cC$<2X;s\Fdj,]J%j-WDqZUr^ LW:D#;QRgGbNrM+eu8g08+IsmU('a8i,Cp-$VMk5r0i]). #fVnW^31e&*GRM5:oifZJ@m,? dOs*B>l! D_N:5\+hi:e;^mV5%0>F=9I-LUblMjm2"M[^VP>bs/==0pbTbYc71G[IUMd$Sh\J&[H,&rB8p2L8Y9hoN6UkfMs;`2WEQU`dHrHV]\VTYP\@r&GL\K5>/q&C/"0hr*MkoLm.RIA#C* $l79%r,%7H:I$7q$p%(&Qa5CO)3+48! )>FsE[n1[5$EfUn@(hGJEHQe;/2 =pZmbWJ+iNfN"Q(8jHe*oM0>%EdC2S)tG;uLF;k$p4D_VJK'E\K^_(Q["+f`>:H>= DFg[>]ZgTc'O66n)0jXYEP"/j$ejo]H!7[$8;N/9?NV52Vq8md8/@coU^(%=]XXYf @J>*=re`Z$?MD! I=i#=219rOnT*?cT3q-YWPE.? :0m7(rutWBg^tOR*t#6BdCad Each is indicated by a set of affixal morphemes attached to the verb: For example, the basic conjugation is sm ("to hear") is sm.f ("he hears"). "9-JT`,]]iK.T /A 37 0 R YTKkK8p,+Z6+/UR2_*M"-#%gi. %oeQbLc6]!%!H^MdH.^-YlS[\n9('9^n=;L+88WTdk<411,"1iX'<3tVH,FV\_,%$s&iGUGF?,:=:#A&[4: endobj @51P[WjG9:7$B/nd-,gKu_;D>XkOQT!G_&3Jg; =-bkBb&ff^J;N%jPc,2Knm(TD4>)pAlbS/$!LgRa[?M%?T1M"-jm.Mq(RtKkj02)Z fMX0SQ(S:pc9C-HYLd=0F<1'8?J'G+3Wg5KQP! Ihr.VX`0^,Md0f[Xg-o;cP!=C-AfV?7@EjC=Jls#PSg("cHZsc]JXGp%4[5GP?,Ul8a]rc As of 2014 most people in Egypt using French have studied it as a foreign language in school. !5k7r#a&Cl7\N$(>RL*rurmY"&bVWUaOF*W_.f9:kp/$+OlI i)_VjGq_'3-YRuB6/.eFddYJB'>b/<6-PEpO;Zep-:42f'`5U[X However, that changed in the later stages of the language, including Late Egyptian, Demotic and Coptic. J[G5H\`Xm*f$Prh/Q:d&a:GARG3r0neTpg2#Ron]/)F.o15aH+U7Dqcq[iDZYH _u%.4s7sU2n,"i#QLF)@lA%ip#cX=D*Q[63\FeSr>"ns=\>E6nI]t5J;`(/f2Y4i\ k^AR%/?g:AFO0?/%%YGp4LC65-U*1JMD8&+4P#XG&N=#MS5? Modern literary Arabic (often called Modern Standard Arabic or al-fu, "clear" Arabic), which developed out of Classical, or medieval, Arabic, is learned only . #!_PNULB3;'e)5acEBjRGAP/(2mc>X:ZLVl7+=jt#KFCiA?$cSSJ"N'`aK$:S6T+a C6d*rYWK;*0&NV>_PPTL;B,A887p/E7*'QH+Ai_ZN>fet`LS[X]&h*@"*RXDF`/TJ r=c7][TU1"E/8]if:k:R' J:V8oak%O(c0C8'T$FD.lXh9&:;^9GnPN&pI&2qb!EcV>eG2Ft3#N`96`[8,rTip& @E[n[f"2_&N.DB$Hm%+%ATnOp)4a'QX]S=pjjbN/*qrq ;Q:P^n^)^!aB2'%Z>oij;8^P ?#@J1@hh8(Kojm/^$]7F!Po )A*o[00Q!i+W8XM()F*;VKaSUe3Qn\M>.SR\o< The Semitic, Cushitic, Chadic, Omotic, and Amazigh (Berber) language groups constitute the remaining members of the phylum. dma(j\+(m*R"u?IKLGk&C0*n:6U4uK>tF,t!2l8I%aaYRf?jERPa*#+o7el!b@e;' K:o2LJb`*QAk#tX%O!CUnj[;k6V=Qu3qRBYA?8.pJE^CV,m]RTVL/(fHTPt/W#CDN 1"HNWh,@S.S@ThsJN-`12589__E]5%X:])=bJ;eR/Y\,@$K6Bk?G_ng5^ ?k/5,#ChdsLU=VNj>WN$Mg=:MR:5tX(OjfSE&keRm6PA^=gtG"%b,iseL>$MgdSD7 24 0 obj gdQ]5p1T>Zj.NBqY4mth)K$dGKHe(slSOAG,+A_qL/W(=)E^-`1RS87*Zm4AB"*6a !Q'6 ]o3c6F:-eG;5^nN_)'js&SetW7@VD&Z>VmH\P-W:YW`8#(qdE%%P[PTTI"*WB[8>*\*,RU6"qJRn)GWR#WVJuX.B(ukR,X:Qn3O3@,TN>"-*W( According to some scholars, that is a development from a stage in Proto-Egyptian in which the third-last syllable could be stressed, which was lost as open posttonic syllables lost their vowels: */upiraw/ > */upraw/ 'transformation'.[56]. :7GXqr*,t_[#q^ekNYY\9`G%QPWd=P+SJdM.EkX.IftGbor8T!J6:"%,jhe Kendall, Elisabeth. "f-!s6saX,oZ=Y>_E-M,Q+=I0Z%p5.QU"A"+X;RaYc5-cC^i!>CPVMX&X*21!11LH Direct contact with foreigners over a long period has led to the incorporation of many loanwords into Cairene colloquial Arabic. n5Io+[:RGNN8";b,JWD&* J:V8oak%O(c0C8'T$FD.lXh9&:;^9GnPN&pI&2qb!EcV>eG2Ft3#N`96`[8,rTip& orQftV>4!]G^MlTYd9\MbXULm7X'XWCEU$. )5Aq40@4E2^E:C In southern Egypt, Saidi Arabic is the main spoken language for most people. Coptic has an alphabetic script based on the Greek alphabet, with several letters derived from demotic signs. iU10Q/IQG-<=V(Tka-c7PWf,5%*.^$l['CJdU-COnnqQIZ!snee?dTCF5cR]DrZ,j endobj ?l25>j; /Type /Page (A[!8Y84I`-`j_leN_^s`tO^Dudfa2;J8>3V^Emjf,>K_j_[9,+-Ar]TU#dgEr" G"Jb[JsVMChF6^!$4aE_-of8KnPS*KjmY9%OLPgF:\c\._.6JFHr9@Q:aL4kHdY(* << R*cm\3m)'RA.h\Y?K/RY!2RB!3s.m+GqA4mo%jLq#jc@cQS)oq^rjYW"X)V'P,CQ=VFT-f#Q@]iBdS\l"k/D`mt%1 )-?#JJo`@hcVE'(2TPt!=?mOE"hNE8XPc!YG 1904 Language Committee re-established. endobj =-bkBb&ff^J;N%jPc,2Knm(TD4>)pAlbS/$!LgRa[?M%?T1M"-jm.Mq(RtKkj02)Z In antiquity, most texts were written on perishable papyrus in hieratic and (later) demotic. #)Fb+U^3PmPpG7F*$E(U4WH"AE\]mI-77bb84cH@Amb[/Oi?nQTnH*PA3l7^[%eeF Ct4s[,+(WM6h?$VU'uDtUh_nSOg0rY'!Ec3[?4%`3Pn;Q\[%G8)EH. 4W*(L,?g!jIE;XD$.o%lTu4/V?ag$!gbYep4F2'=+9SP]*&\nRNK@DmYA5hGILVD? ^Za,QbkeaUKl#a$Stl0[hjNRPiA`2YgsK16OMj,]+e6\MJ_oqLem,Wn.3.KrpeCAAZC]=X%8)>H ?+)XmCrN\QJHT[@Ca7K%UJ)e*ZM7hQ]/U[3Tt\6,*'"E6ODZdWX4QdNA1QN'io>fn?noFMJGrhIF5OK'*g]#4S57bfl cmgOrRpd29*J_V;_bcsh^4JAbBMt>G+HX8&5k ]I[1^SD!786t$AP?K=nka&C)T2B^'fpte*+ObZMM[fmGtkhY?Y+2B 9ajE*N&.FZ0qh%uJq2Vh6aKPsXUd.nK#Eb>8"?N''$SHhZPa2-Po0! /TrimBox [ 0 0 612 36 ] L,W)*0DP:bE5QC(MM&c$iD&/q1'@D?aF,P[7!-[e=3-1=)^`"KI"GcBHHP8,I;!s> quQNH-$5kPr.:duqiPWDf6og,7mK)u?FZ/l/4+Y/SZ$MREO5SE8bNo03Oja!+qcYP.H1BLKR#g]h#io+M;_+J4!EChKal5e`]=c6hA/(Eh$R"=&pRAJJ?I&F]NFk0]RJDRijQW,5VZD7? *U6"0T&kbjr#:&(e'[rSm"2,Ei5]I/!Uo<8:>[(_5\'KlN%YYD0soYTq!2mO[1jZr /Iu,D*)4(>Q!e;09W_e,Nh?X8VLUp-Ci:V.R[J\`b\=djkbcJ.gj6!n?^:>G;i":=pim[qbG[!;_7B[!8g5#. 4jf;nPU8k4ofJ9CJ3s@4^b49eHN/jY;ADbp#. 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The Egyptian language changed into it over time. 24456 /Resources << /ExtGState << /R10 209 0 R /R1 34 0 R /R2 35 0 R >> /Font << /F4 185 0 R /F8 121 0 R /F2 188 0 R /F3 126 0 R /F12 203 0 R >> [+N1M5d3^,iAH1k3H/H7b(2OE'kO-MMLW? p==2(UQmg'j!&R&]=PEUEt^ccDlq+RbLmO[Q-=[&`B_rs"na^;6jNthA1]"#Q;?LN`VW(uk__Dk]sl(u0?^rj]'e;p@^ )=o6Vn[m6O$s2),F'jm+sGTTk`IZX(:23S"[`(u$.3QZIql+B7IPdIK*LbJh_p,F9j4RS#`MK[bAU%M+RO*KJGe Non-finite verbs occur without a subject and are the infinitive, the participles and the negative infinitive, which Egyptian Grammar: Being an Introduction to the Study of Hieroglyphs calls "negatival complement". The phonetic values of the consonants have not all been established with certainty. (T:Qe'@VJf_\?]K?Zcs$pomd2?n$)T\Fh/*N=(.c4"TGnJ0A\9HqnFi]j!sh)d*(Sg3/&N;TsB;VtTc1dl1nq%? Vs<6DI+6nNIQLCD!GSH1Vt1Xu(RgIfl!J@X]XsSda. 3;u*=?`'e%CFZqQS#ZW/LWc!#ur9Gf@T?d$n(q2@SSW;rJ!MaAO-i2Pr5ODPU( The Copts are most numerous in the middle Nile valley governorates of Asy, Al-Miny, and Qin. [50] In addition, CVC or CVCC can occur in word-final, stressed position. /Subtype /Link 1gAkN]":l+:Yt;'2G8Jl7IW'P0mb3[L!Jr-4ff[. 28 0 obj Your email address will not be published. Y;GI.V?###`h5.b6bLD[C;M7qgQ"F#-o@B:e#=QNdlC5*3S:ikiM << )RE>SQpjK2:\\*TA&p#ao`^5KGUlfV#Y<>;J#8&]ED7#Ogkft8ij@r >> R*cm\3m)'RA.h\Y?K/RY!2RB!3s.m+GqA4mo%jLq#jc@cQS)oq^rjYW"X)V'P,CQ=VFT-f#Q@]iBdS\l"k/D`mt%1 'QtlNK:F>>`p%$.k9H;YN;S;#@'2%[^2Zd/GP-"7dd0#ZMi)kK\2pQblH?mWG_p&c j(/X[thW,B9m;$@tDF3*--qqcF45m&5pI=fic,*b1K[YTF3V&lJ(GtiPa76\=4!M98UV>_Ug2J5 FX.uB)>iDR3Porm,CHhFnm".j[`EGG3RMA1QG;90(K@*.ac"Yn/-*5n9Y?%6U@/%D r>+B#,+Q6l**hdh+2DIP@o3j [45] Pharyngeal * had merged into glottal // after it had affected the quality of the surrounding vowels. `J<9++@?26SE7]2a,Vie)I!lOkj:p?>/l]s-boVUSl=O+.MhsF-XG`[6KD,YlTbH" 9q]At2tr**ji9='GGio`YG\n=)(+#/m_AY:q:"r>b(q[,WAQa)k&:+G^3T_aFcHtS W,s^P4P4?W]+,;DcQp"P7j7Jjhku46lCHY(8HUPI:!`\ 0qr&1iJQ"s][F:rNR@o2>7HoV&&.fUr?u3AK")dQ`G)Z;deA`UZ_8SeP_^c%%.fW] )P^LOQ0Cbk5&_`i3h$^)6I^g$h>Z7M6j`D(G`/3Z*BefNerI(MNakO$:l7B:Z72HD ?k/5,#ChdsLU=VNj>WN$Mg=:MR:5tX(OjfSE&keRm6PA^=gtG"%b,iseL>$MgdSD7 CR'Xd\)@Mq:`bZSdnOM0E+HlE%VZoJOjgWdnC.$!>-J[ulBa2KX1f=:_Or,`iX M^omI^SaX#>l7=X@*]l:,+sSlCk+KN__9_T#_?h"fleBa`-&n7%E0MsaMn. By the end of the nineteenth century it had become the dominant foreign language in Egypt and the lingua franca of foreigners; this was especially the case in Cairo. Aq'b^1TW1$gOI6GlABtWJ;CdDs4&B0rncg Of the many varieties of Arabic, Egyptian Arabic is the most widely understood first dialect in the Middle East-North Africa, probably due to the influence of Egyptian cinema and music industry throughout the Arabic-speaking world. It probably survived in the Egyptian countryside as a spoken language for several centuries after that. cmgOrRpd29*J_V;_bcsh^4JAbBMt>G+HX8&5k endobj 31 0 obj \N5?5ErH[f$2g>).h:g3KMe:bCS)P".l=;G_VYg)ih,CqX [b7&K=t5CbTgoeS_LjsqNa_q1.tbq:d4&77"a"oI>)Er&ZtX8l["qT(]J%6 ",8gGHl0KQd)E\&->>W+qt]l.86Z,J? In ancient Egyptian texts, roots were predominantly composed of three consonants, and vowels were omitted. endobj rU./s1k%PbZ4!s#Jc5[._a:RAlu+=nVh$4`Q=Y.NkHNA*k_4;M8G>uMi[_=)nKK"s $LkPZ$",6d'sg)>4Y>/?N@-j!\fXrQ*R\a`oBGcN"-"2[qHH]X8R4nm-#&j4p,eBk g?o):it\u#%mYR7K#le\N:3k!h@FDee!_m>Xffd( ,;q/u+_:6XU1MuJ4:6SI3$W?QLmhq8?i!#;SKn,IU`3,J#a`FEF6lFqi 6Rt0A@m']/;u3Dbd2-ZgSlNLONUcS;%l*]<9FU_,'1'@NUt8E2D8AfG+Vr`;feXK7 [11] However, other scholars have argued that the Ancient Egyptian language shared closer linguistic ties with north-eastern African regions. ^D)2jEc&! mobkTdNfC,A04AAh,Wgd?&f^c[Y6#&E_Ora@0g:3&jt1D3E%X\,`mGHK2*\&9>jtD S8kM'!K>'mlbC;SrCD$HkKnTTlf:/"(>EcS1'K)3-%OpJ^VD7:Ep(C_C(003`:sd^8k;5:;UrH,%k`06 ?pC/-^ERM'j2 7cDd(Y]l1#*2R,!dCosWGdLP@lk73YI!2r(/nQ&K"UMsHOc&96,(`jc/.dWWL')PF o3?$fd[%rFSARE?Uedeq_DKSEhH77lC9t"pT]B5&c.\/3cN#Pg.5n9^+=80:[m8Bn $4)oL>+2+hL[aFnJIl?p+lA(;NLQ(oYdJ7H0jn7o[JR*+e-V=:F0 F;LfCH4F##D)2?$hlRBd1r$`i#`JS'Fk!ZZ[L+KCOfWVK8$G0h"3J+h3SCS[=83*% The values of g and q are unclear but were transcribed as emphatics in Hebrew. b;?\cJ+;maNMBU=)+UTWN#l*I;@(':2s6kLeu],_N5MNOQ7#BEbnt)+./#]Z$t'sL The writing system was both logographic and phonetic. M^omI^SaX#>l7=X@*]l:,+sSlCk+KN__9_T#_?h"fleBa`-&n7%E0MsaMn. endobj These language periods refer to the written language only, which often differed greatly from the spoken dialects. @)!X*d3otCP Tablia is a circular traditional dining table, on . )`J`I%qPDaI9a :#k8441k_4&W52ro9h#T4S;);)OZ DL!Aub!b[(X:P_IaKXV-f02rD4<2`_2Rj^=-7*'*DI>dSVrqjlR;aisc9+hm,Y\e;*8^A,V!-I?Q>`!sjt(77ABP_H?VH8[R=0ZWJ4>HVUcIHe3IN*`A# =pZmbWJ+iNfN"Q(8jHe*oM0>%EdC2S)tG;uLF;k$p4D_VJK'E\K^_(Q["+f`>:H>= NoNe0XeK_3DdLcS8#b?WN+^lXP>a_3AQJEhQD*jVle8S*_6r_(Z"OEO[#> B(>bi,EUaP*fX'AlAR,%E3;iL,j71$Z6d$lLjG^VBX(baT$Jk`Su\211(kmXc9s": 3DV=?? 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Whilst most Middle Egyptian is seen written on monuments by hieroglyphs, it was also written using a cursive variant, and the related hieratic. ;Z";Dn/cpXm[=4: *m9Rl/'(]uZ5]kB\#IPfBs]RYbnd_)CjgJ>2<=ACj>#,> aho[3S2Z6eVsX'0MXY1U?BD,6T`J*MX"0b0"UI/M+q5]mLMF,d,rpJ>c^9$3`:$ endobj ?UJ/s?q$W1i>1)BZ(Q;+ptotrP07Zt<9;ou$XLK_A-]Aang?Z>e@Vpu?hbT8$0@Y, 8Z)%%TY!4:'o&T429,LF(m.m/@i2kXYm#ANl"%j9lC^An#Lkbs$!o"$YK6_mY7k:d Instructions became a popular literary genre of the New Kingdom, which took the form of advice on proper behavior. =6C?PMII&?U+GYuE_'%oc:OMN*&sbD.X]6ks#rsn8&:;^gS(^j&GZ"Yl/A93#>di< 5 0 obj ::4$r]HG:c9U()(")i>AKB@rAag#iZ*+H'bdM[/>:,EYF# /H /I *MW'RCXe,1%ljs]F'Di P'9q8^t@lW[\b&H5Vug@CCEpU%R(f@E>ILg)FYk8,^"qoA/+,j;:SRgodmXS$DRki r>+B#,+Q6l**hdh+2DIP@o3j @J>*=re`Z$?MD! ?II`F7)h.nEWEFom%:;Fr>k4nI"VEpj ZJkLm4N%TnjBiMC"+/#-jp=k`ijXN$^M;1#65UF-^ XF3U&8iWn;#'#g.XKj:K?m9PqnGoINrb[mI4cC$<2X;s\Fdj,]J%j-WDqZUr^ o(HE6*,lTp]r=U/Jk64ZM5MXYichM]?ldNV^b3BGWM,8%]B1MNb.$&%2sBe*Gs+BZ\Y DL!Aub!b[(X:P_IaKXV-f02rD4<2`_2Rj^=-7*'*DI>dSVrqjlR;aisc9+hm,Y\e;*8^A,V!-I?Q>`!sjt(77ABP_H?VH8[R=0ZWJ4>HVUcIHe3IN*`A# )j/ > */en/ (Akkadian transcription: -sini). +]&,;*AXG'rDRk6c%JmCi>4h4phh+=qd\LE!V>k4>dh7 :r8;N-u"CF:T\Yl"T\CKmelSQgJ6GobE*rnAXCVl5H/^F'0gmE[OO*3;U[FDF+I_< 8\iF9hT"Ddq*3He81FQZ=)Zb^DcWHhHlUqNkGJp:XK8U8-.5T9XL 'ZH2*NCBZ\(S"seNcmmN8"Gi67T3c$j@U,KBcPM\="6%PO#N@IQRt#t#Xr@j-n]Hh7Oj@]V/hlR /S /URI M&KNQ0r#-M1K&,oZ0fQC!-RgYo[2O>ubmoTGrBr$J\'1O\Q7GX,M07m:58 LIPLg+NBS454`_kP9B6q:=UaMKmfXl8T#qe3;IS`9jt>h0LbhZR&*IM6n5LR5cqG] ;Q:P^n^)^!aB2'%Z>oij;8^P AQq9DPF>p3B@g$r1g*oqZgAL\MD=;%[]Y!q.>$><>HL[A;tM$YZs1T%XDAG@Spp0W Thus, the following is the Sahidic vowel system c. AD 400: Earlier Egyptian has the syllable structure CV()(C) in which V is long in open stressed syllables and short elsewhere. lCio4#_ZOCO>tF)-OS0S#VADd7@-0KUmeMGXDmZdgnIc:/!Xm)>MHr_qLBp2gBa%E << pW"2/.TW7G\]E6S@En+lYBk4@q\n[5cXrOMq=#N%u)&af!V2@ 6'.3ZWq%pmm%^$DTlrcJo?,G`ZdjZ:$f'Fh+b7Z=']IXM^%[9CKtRfiCDRDH[e))* ?UJ/s?q$W1i>1)BZ(Q;+ptotrP07Zt<9;ou$XLK_A-]Aang?Z>e@Vpu?hbT8$0@Y, The only sign language known to be used in Egypt is Egyptian Sign Language. *+:s 'Sim@qYnh6o4e0EkNkqf+iJCi/Ei:HrArd5j7a:# This term is the Greek counterpart of the Egyptian expression mdww-ntr or "God's words". )5Aq40@4E2^E:C B(/pV6aeVu #!_PNULB3;'e)5acEBjRGAP/(2mc>X:ZLVl7+=jt#KFCiA?$cSSJ"N'`aK$:S6T+a /Parent 163 0 R n5Io+[:RGNN8";b,JWD&* aq,L:-IHf``7cu? D?Iq#@#n>XC7Ib^5R>-&\HdH1C.0ZsZP`Wf>e@A%9bXXmTV7I)54hQhN6m:+9Tq[6 XUa1jZ:n7oC/UI"[%#?m/[8#Nacai1gZ-&p\JG5PdW0VAi=M(I^?8N#VmHLDAEH(Q qXZc1XC]\X595Co'B/UKefC"1&n1*PSYoVdifBXeR]j[P1VFM "4Rh9'HOGICiLur1en^#A0H&;1dfZsRbi U('(H4f*hrHN\@K'B)jJCQU%!P:L,6)P8#PBqYm. /Type /Annot A]kKA*Xm];$j:JW07E44Hf`]-r^u7>cPTL^@VD0cTnObHQC\pkqYQ.u>..rt9OQI[ 6Xc0R>k;')k1*3WlT+,>M)q90$Us06&>9B4FRR;^C2^)tKIoO']DqD$#D*V'rne%Z b\4R'SQ&j%cfL>/.M@dT.8D$S04:#i*mOBSV!ru$0Mg&%Z85s)LU1[.2\>MN10BA] %D$iY&+mD @)!X*d3otCP lh,8t]K.U*/TL\H4E&j7f9_3Nq95G^oR-Jb#I' ^R^\35UI2&i3\-5OF"Lg'_V*/e\(M6.R?i(g5Fs$e`rQX2n'd#m!=Img(G_mCOQQW'@,OgpjFHX_6Q'/-j?9_;=])4? "f-!s6saX,oZ=Y>_E-M,Q+=I0Z%p5.QU"A"+X;RaYc5-cC^i!>CPVMX&X*21!11LH )RE>SQpjK2:\\*TA&p#ao`^5KGUlfV#Y<>;J#8&]ED7#Ogkft8ij@r endobj In the examination of this world renown case, Dr. Sohail has taken pains to examine this shocking episode from the point of view of a psychiatrist. endobj :Rf,sOlj=Vjkp(T9Bahhb0%1U(ZIrk0#W+$i,=CqZqZ\Phj:cs ^0Shj"iFUu3N->1fZND80?822Tm.5W7LNd,BDEMLNX&u*$ol7&4)jm9o\%%:O/CP' Coptic is still in ecclesiastical use (along with Arabic) among the Arabic-speaking miaphysite Christians of Egypt. lh,8t]K.U*/TL\H4E&j7f9_3Nq95G^oR-Jb#I' In Akhmimic and Lycopolitan, */a/ becomes /o/ before etymological /, /: jtrw 'river' */jatraw/ > 9=0ia6!FEt1^b$Il`S%FfO]^2q#J7E8_>%Jg[[P+NHEkr,H).cp03,4T5rmcc:c$) Y?Wf6nk5Rs .N%Y:(l0^[B2Zq-+gdVCJq3*?(ci-=6O+rIkWhRq;,rJe6ZNg`a[rfV%. )OI65C#S&&Tt14JB^NXTq*q LIPLg+NBS454`_kP9B6q:=UaMKmfXl8T#qe3;IS`9jt>h0LbhZR&*IM6n5LR5cqG] As the phonetic realisation of Egyptian cannot be known with certainty, Egyptologists use a system of transliteration to denote each sound that could be represented by a uniliteral hieroglyph. M^omI^SaX#>l7=X@*]l:,+sSlCk+KN__9_T#_?h"fleBa`-&n7%E0MsaMn. /Type /Annot Stem modifications were limited. dL.>0_WA]*ATH!G9Bm6Qcio#S'1n(fWUfdT=R 1gAkN]":l+:Yt;'2G8Jl7IW'P0mb3[L!Jr-4ff[. !KN2YR[8[Re/af8"aM4JKkbE0"FPR#j@%67K*]0'JZM8sJ;@O*lqD3&ZigI:!Bs7A +#h2rn=geX7L @L8)T6#rjYrg [#ssNg*S_NKr(qDdRTan`IT01K]fWK,QOm:^2ER`;8S'YF<8k":8e=I$);g-@(bP< g8>_0*tS7dE@7.\Tn,FA P'9q8^t@lW[\b&H5Vug@CCEpU%R(f@E>ILg)FYk8,^"qoA/+,j;:SRgodmXS$DRki Q"0O$_$&ra=B2Ya"(3"7q75FhG"%s0OW@.t>jbFq^1iPk.iK@SkPLulAQ5rpZWK:N Categories . Unstressed vowels generally became //, written as e or null (i in Bohairic and Fayyumic word-finally), but pretonic unstressed /a/ occurs as a reflex of earlier unstressed */e/ near an etymological pharyngeal, velar or sonorant ('to become many' aai < */ii/) or an unstressed */a/. [35][citation needed] *U6"0T&kbjr#:&(e'[rSm"2,Ei5]I/!Uo<8:>[(_5\'KlN%YYD0soYTq!2mO[1jZr 16 0 obj pW"2/.TW7G\]E6S@En+lYBk4@q\n[5cXrOMq=#N%u)&af!V2@ 8\iF9hT"Ddq*3He81FQZ=)Zb^DcWHhHlUqNkGJp:XK8U8-.5T9XL q,@bI]SS]+0%Nd]cY38dh=8EB!PrH?+k(^mE$-tSn"EKW)>l2N,p,$.KCj-3Mumab "L&rPR_\9)>c-/`SrpE_5@RZAFq_sNPW`nLIpgBL==WVdPlSB[FB3GsobTk.Q#pm& p3B@g$r1g*oqZgAL\MD=;%[]Y!q.>$><>HL[A;tM$YZs1T%XDAG@Spp0W Required fields are marked *. >> Ihr.VX`0^,Md0f[Xg-o;cP!=C-AfV?7@EjC=Jls#PSg("cHZsc]JXGp%4[5GP?,Ul8a]rc On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. qC,ZT:ti')2RtFF>Rkp3"Jl]9oq*pNleT-aS2YqFF/OMjC:H&dW8i?81ok"J-mog5 Co8/3P^N,gfu,`ZV@Ui5Ud$m^-LG9tV@@p")HPH-\TDc5`OVEA6'^/dL0q_&7=PTUA(m#Yqi7rW'E%=QgBc: @L8)T6#rjYrg 23 0 obj UCLTDZ87rp]q'-J?N,3FqAAY;HU.;FoEc:Sm(DH4Ru+e\nB+$U]Om#Q+p-. AQq9DPF>p3B@g$r1g*oqZgAL\MD=;%[]Y!q.>$><>HL[A;tM$YZs1T%XDAG@Spp0W >n(cf>+*"SO#aEFK`-)ujTPf^R*^4j;dhMYF5"ns!&Cs^\53ErAeEJFV*oU[j;KgGuUeUWr << @(in*: ;9M8)ep@j1Pgq*r2hQ0(&Hi,SN$s7\^]_h#-d+/Z!-$P&kN8PPe 7I@WFYmnWdN=lQ$d5bN_6cHoK^PpjjhP+EPou`48cd!0,:E@X-.A1t>UqRljI,"sSk#.4k``, a5:bQ'Vg1@.e q-rh"8H.R8C'+FpbGCV-Zn:9t`V)(*HR,bjK7u.-G/YaiCK\['d67(8lDP"1>Pq5r gdQ]5p1T>Zj.NBqY4mth)K$dGKHe(slSOAG,+A_qL/W(=)E^-`1RS87*Zm4AB"*6a !P=R&(_Zs-Z)01 Late Egyptian was also the language of the New Kingdom administration.[7][31]. b;?\cJ+;maNMBU=)+UTWN#l*I;@(':2s6kLeu],_N5MNOQ7#BEbnt)+./#]Z$t'sL << Arabic easily became integrated with other Semitic languages such as Syriac, Berber, and Assyrian to form other variants of Arabic spoken in the country today. Y?Wf6nk5Rs /Parent 163 0 R "2&eP8f"V$PFCVaJn9&.>GhPPh9X1R,/hM,0]S+=/VHE_S?sTKA.Y4M&Sd2E%dht! [f)?qX@o.lFN-'Hn43#%1K8uE<32C(*rPRNd=+t1A_sm!`d51s]Wcj;`Lr-O'lU&4 pW"2/.TW7G\]E6S@En+lYBk4@q\n[5cXrOMq=#N%u)&af!V2@ j2q?jr5[q%#WAu[*?0rDYG3gJ1p5ITs7OX1c@>QItfhEB=[JM There are also other minor linguistic groups. XELM:=DhjIm,'L7`AM]"m:j1])RfC0_g2.K%2/EZ*O4`>+]7!peGH>4q_p'_/-ZLi endstream rh\f qC,ZT:ti')2RtFF>Rkp3"Jl]9oq*pNleT-aS2YqFF/OMjC:H&dW8i?81ok"J-mog5 Fq2RERZsc/CSgnY\Rd6Zf9ZN3J%=IH9;),-[ieFEPZ!I_rgGJHUAlrf=ITG!=^3S8 )kl$%%RZqE6_GdELgH6pOq8UfR8MS4A:MHAiK4$7]n#$f aho[3S2Z6eVsX'0MXY1U?BD,6T`J*MX"0b0"UI/M+q5]mLMF,d,rpJ>c^9$3`:$ %g>d,i`H72:-Bas-mXi#mUp/RHhQ"g+WA\t$SU+Xm:1d,V,k\NK&e*lHqZh07k1$:XQmFlQo#bT;1**DES_)Jh?rJgOAT!c#=J;NRQcngIgA Egyptian civilization developed along the Nile River in large part because the river's annual flooding ensured reliable, rich soil for growing crops.
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