Most of the fleet was then destroyed by storms. Topic guides / A very detailed response which demonstrates excellent subject knowledge and reaches a clear judgement based on justifiable criteria. Elizabeth faced many problems upon her accession to her throne in 1558 and, whilst the question of legitimacy was important, the immediate concerns of debt, as well as the threat from France and Scotland were of far greater significance as they instantly impacted upon her ability to rule. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeths predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. Moreover, to raise money Elizabeth would have to make the immediately-unpopular decision of raising taxes, the permission for which would need to be granted by parliament (which, in turn, could then make further demands on Elizabeth). Therefore, I disagree with the statement. The Catholic threat Many Catholics in England were not happy with Elizabeth's Settlement. The attack was a success. - send 2000 to rebels. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Answer:Despite initially being a threat to England, civil war in France from 1562 meant the French monarchs were too preoccupied with home affairs to pose a thr eye27 eye27 11.05.2020 They began to revolt against the Spanish. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation. In January 1558, the french conquered Calais, England's last remaining territory on the European mainland. [Blog], Medicine Community Feedback and Suggestions, 2023 entry A100 / A101 Medicine fastest and slowest offer senders, Borders & Enforcement, Immigration Enforcement - Immigration Officer June 22, Official University of the Arts London 2023 Applicants Thread. The relationship with Spain and King Phillip II was at a low point in 1587 as the two countries were at war over the Netherlands. This was seen as a huge blow for English pride as England had territory in France for hundreds of years. This helps to explain why Elizabeth had to deal with so many plots, the intention of which was to replace Elizabeth with Mary. In 1560, Scotland was ruled by Elizabeth's cousin called Mary Queen of Scots (MQS). The victory over the Spanish boosted Elizabeths popularity and strengthened the Protestant cause as it was a sign that God favoured Protestantism. 1559 - cateau cambresis, menacing position of french in scotland. (4 marks) According to many people at the time Mary Queen of Scots had a stronger claim to the . Her sister, Mary, had made Roman Catholicism the official religion of the country, but many of the people were. English exports to Europe were vital to the English economy and reached the European market via the Dutch ports, particularly Antwerp. West Yorkshire, Indeed, the Ridolfi Plot of 1571 was even led by one of the Popes spies, Roberto Ridolfi. August 8th: Battle of Gravelines fireships caused the Spanish fleet to scatter. Spain did not control a deep water port where the Armada could anchor safely and this left them extremely vulnerable to an attack while it waited for Parmas troops to escape the Dutch blockade. In 1595 Elizabeth had to deal with a rebellion in Ireland led by Tyrone and O'Donnell. Apply for student finance without a bank account? Elizabeth was eager to nullify the threat of the Auld Alliance (Scotland and France), which had been further reinforced by the marriage of Mary, Queen of Scots and French King Francis II. Boston House, He then banned English trade with the Netherlands for a period of time which damaged Englands economy and caused much hardship for the English people. He plotted a Spanish invasion of England, which would involve the killing of Elizabeth and the placing of Mary, Queen of Scots on the throne. The invasion failed, however. The northern nobles felt Elizabeths advisors were responsible for many of these policy changes. Mary was married to Philip II of Spain. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 1st point + explanation. Instead, both men preferred to negotiate a settlement. Mary, Queen of Scots cousin (the French Duke of Guise) intended to invade England, free Mary, overthrow Elizabeth and restore Catholicism. Cleopatra, Queen Victoria and many more. Approximately 30 ships were destroyed and tonnes of supplies were also seized including food and weapons. When Mary I died in 1558, England and Spain were allies in a war against France. Elizabeth had also claimed all the profits from copper mines that were discovered in his estates which meant he lost a significant amount of money too. The plan was discovered and the Earls feared being executed for treason, so in a desperate attempt to escape punishment, they rebelled against Elizabeth and tried to overthrow her. If this union between Scotland and France became something, Spain could help England by attacking France from below. By instinct, Elizabeth was a Abroad, however, was another matter as Marys execution inflamed Catholic opposition and increased the threat of foreign invasion. When are the GCSE exams for 2020?Which exam board are you studying? Boston Spa, Drake also managed to capture a Spanish ship called the. Manage Settings - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. English sailors land at Roanoke to find it abandoned. The English Catholics now had no-one they could rally around and effectively lost hope of ever replacing Elizabeth. Tensions in the Netherlands increased greatly between 1576 and 1584. King Phillip II had been married to Queen Mary I of England and the two had been allies in a war against France in the 1550s. [This is a confident answer because it selects two reasons and links them together, showing a clear conceptual focus as well as wide-ranging knowledge]. The negotiations dragged on for four years with Elizabeth never giving a firm answer and Charles refusing to give up his Catholic faith. Why was France a threat? The Spanish sailed as far north as Scotland to make sure they did not regroup and return to collect Parmas army. However, she was fearful of the presence of Spain in the Netherlands, who were busy putting down the Dutch Revolt from 1566 under the command of the Duke of Alba. . Dedicated to. This was one of the more serious courtships of Elizabeth's reign. The Armada sailed up the Channel in a defensive crescent formation which used the large armed galleons to protect the weaker supply ships and infantry ships. In 1570, Pope Pius V excommunicated Elizabeth, encouraging Catholics everywhere to rise up and depose the heretic queen. - Quite a significant political threat as both France and Spain had the power to invade England. Pick a key scene from the story and tell it from the third-person limited point of view, through Doodle's senses and feelings. France was to be a constant thorn in the side of Elizabeth I throughout her reign. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. Elizabeth lived quietly at her . Another problem Elizabeth I had when she ascended to the throne in 1558 was the problems she had with illegitimacy. Looking back at historical examples, it might be because they did a . She raised an army following her escape from prison but was defeated at Langside (Glasgow). When Elizabeth's reign began in 1558 England was in the middle of a 'mid-Tudor crisis'. The defeat of the Northern Earls showed there was little appetite for a Catholic revolution. The conspirators including Babington were all. For two weeks of the second half of November, Catholic mass was heard at Durham Cathedral too (with all evidence of Protestantism destroyed). Many expected a decisive battle between Henry II and Philip II. The accession of Elizabeth Tudor to the throne of England in November 1558 meant that Mary was, by virtue of her Tudor blood, next in line to the English throne. Philip II and the Pope supported the plot that would involve the invasion of England by the Duke of Guise. The plot was uncovered by Sir Francis Walsingham, who intercepted and read Babingtons letters to Mary. There were fewer naval ships anchored there and the port was the centre for a large number of naval supplies which Drake intended to either seize or destroy. 1560 - death of francis II, Mary returns to scotland as queen. The rest of the Spanish fleet was forced to sail away from the French coast and into the North Sea with the English fleet on their trail. If those Catholics decided to rebel against . Describe two features of the threats posed to Elizabeth in 1558 3. Upon his arrival, he accepted the position of Governor-General which proved to be a big mistake as it suggested that Elizabeth had taken control of the Netherlands. Copyright The Student Room 2023 all rights reserved. The Netherlands had been part of the Spanish empire since the 1550s. The ships that did manage to make the journey back ran short of supplies, and many men died of starvation and disease. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. The plots involved European conspirators and were supported by France, Spain and even the Pope. These problems all led to supply issues for the Spanish Armada and had a major impact on the morale of the Spanish troops. Roman Catholics . Naval support by the English proved to be more effective for the Dutch rebels and a fleet of English ships patrolled the Dutch coastline to prevent the Spanish from landing some of their forces by sea. To counter homelessness and the begging/criminal activity that sometimes accompanied this, a law was passed that stated that, if found, vagrants were: 1) to be whipped and have a hole drilled through each ear 2) if found a second time would be imprisoned 3) would be killed if found a third time. Here then, military alliances, English weaknesses, questions of legitimacy and the influence of religion all meant Elizabeth was very vulnerable upon her accession. Elizabeth's sister Mary I had lost this port back of Calais to the French in an unsuccessful war that England and Spain had fought against France Elizabeth wanted it back to demonstrate England's strength France and Spain were no longer at war and there was a real possibility they may unite against England. Calais was a French port which the English had occupied and was responsible for 80% of wool exports. Spain depended on large ships which were heavy and difficult to handle whereas the English built long, narrow ships that were faster and easier to handle. Podcast: The Life and Significance of Alan Turing, Copyright The Historical Association 2023. West Yorkshire, The use of fireships by the British exposed this weakness. Charles Neville, 6th Earl of Westmorland was part of the rebellion against Queen Elizabeth. Over the last 40 years there had been 3 different rulers, Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I all of which had very different views on religion and running the country. Another extremely important problem Elizabeth faced were the threats from the Auld Alliance of France and Scotland, two Catholic countries that England was sandwiched between. King Phillip tried to send two further Armadas in the 1590s however, both were unsuccessful. Many reasons led to discontent between Spain and England. The news of the rebellion caused widespread. The aim was to rid France of heresy (Protestantism). More significantly, she was worried she would have to adopt a secondary role in the running of her country, as the period was very patriarchal. 2. Boston Spa, Norfolk was killed in 1572. Official Thread: (Undergraduate) Medicine 2023 Entry, St George's University of London (SGUL) A101 2023 Entry. However, there were other challenges facing Elizabeth. Anne was executed less than three years after Elizabeth's birth. English ships were went on many voyages of discovery and established valuable trade routes with India and the far east. There are many reasons for this, including interference in English affairs from the Pope, Elizabeth's role in the Dutch revolt (which angered Catholic Spain), Mary Queen of Scots' arrival in England in 1568 and the rebellion in 1569 that was led by the Catholic Earls Northumberland and Westmoreland. Elizabeth's parents, Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. Overall then, despite the question of legitimacy being extremely important due to the fact that Elizabeth could not count on the support of many English Catholics and the fact that it allowed a rival in Scotland to have claims to the throne, the immediate concerns of Elizabeth were of a more practical nature. In 1580, she received treasure from Sir Francis Drake from his exploits which was worth more than all the rest of her income for that year put together. This meant two of the most powerful European nations were now united against Protestantism, placing Elizabeth in a precarious position. Elizabeth and James VI agreed to maintain Protestantism as their respective countries religion. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th point + evidence. As these privateers were supposedly independent, Elizabeth could deny any responsibility for the activities and this helped to prevent open conflict with King Phillip and Spain directly. To study the ways in which Henry consolidated his rule. Working for the British, Native American Manteo was placed in charge of the expedition by Sir Walter Raleigh. In October 1586, Mary was found guilty of treason and sentenced to death. Henry believed that Elizabeth wanted France to go to war with Spain while England looked on and would benefit from the probable weakening of both. The Duke of Norfolk was arrested and executed however Mary was not punished beyond her supervision being made tighter. The death of Spains leading admiral, Santa Cruz, in February 1588, led to the appointment of the inexperienced Duke of Medina Sidonia to lead the Spanish Armada. Complete the sentence in a way that shows you understand the meaning of the italicized vocabulary word. During this journey, they encountered several powerful Atlantic storms and this resulted in many ships sinking or being wrecked on the Scottish and Irish coasts. Use your outline A war would have to involve invasion because after 1558 England had no possessions in mainland Europe (Calais had been lost in 1558). 214 High Street, Mary became the inspiration for frequent revolts and rebellions, as it suddenly appeared possible that Elizabeth could be realistically replaced by a legitimate Catholic heir. [Clear link back to the question at the end of the paragraph here.]. August 3rd - 4th: Spanish ships were outgunned and forced to move to Calais in France. Northern Rebellion led by Earl of Westmorland. The victory over the Spanish was not just a military success for England, but it also helped to strengthen Elizabeths rule over the country. Spanish invasion plans. Catholic priests are first smuggled into England. The lack of money was problematic because it meant England was potentially vulnerable to attack (and Elizabeth had no means by which to defend the country militarily). The English sent 8 fireships loaded with flammable materials in the middle of the night towards the anchored Spanish ships. Two influential Catholic families the Percys and the Nevilles plotted alongside the Duke of Norfolk to overthrow Elizabeth and replace her with the Catholic, Mary, Queen of Scots (who now resided in England). 2) This war was not a success. The Ridolfi plot failed mostly due to Elizabeths allies passing the names of the main conspirators involved to her. This was due to the actions of her father, Henry VIII, in 1533. Insolvency therefore limited the choices of the new Queen and instantly undermined her power. Company Reg no: 04489574. (1583) was a threat to Queen Elizabeth. Why was the Catholic threat greater by the 1580s? "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd point + evidence, - However Elizabeth was also faced with threats about her legitimacy and gender, "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 3rd explanation. By the end of Elizabeths reign, the navy was also playing an important role in settling up an English colony in North America. From there we will look at the career . . An example of data being processed may be a unique identifier stored in a cookie. Tel: +44 0844 800 0085. She replaced her Catholic half-sister Mary, who died childless. After his death, his two sons Harold and Hardicanute took over the throne in succession. One factor Elizabeth had to face, which was seen as a huge disadvantage, was her gender. Freshwater supplies were lost and many tons of food rotted as the fleet eventually sailed to England in 1588. Social Studies American History: Reconstruction to the Present Guided Reading Workbook. Instead, her goal was to ensure freedom of worship for Dutch Protestants and protect Englands Military, commercial and strategic interests listed above. No, Francis in Reign does not have a child. King Phillip had been preparing for an attack on England since 1585 and Marys execution made the situation worse with him even more determined to invade England. Elizabeth was in debt, she was unmarried and therefore had no alliances to help her counter the Auld Alliance (which would have been a concern even if Mary Queen of Scots and Prince Francis were not married and even if Mary had no claim to the throne). 806 8067 22 Registered Office: Imperial House, 2nd Floor, 40-42 Queens Road, Brighton, East Sussex, BN1 3XB, Taking a break or withdrawing from your course. - The threat increased by the fact that Spain and France were catholic, but Elizabeth had chosen to move her country towards Protestantism. Her early life was full of uncertainties, and her chances of succeeding to the throne seemed very slight once her half-brother Edward was born in 1537. Parma and his men, however, were being blockaded by Dutch ships and werent able to reach the coast in time. and reversing the religious settlement. Many people did not want a foreigner influencing England policy. The problems arose as she ruled an isolated protestant kingdom surrounded by catholic superpowers. In 1571, he developed a plot to overthrow Elizabeth using his Catholic contacts in England and Europe. For example, from 1567, Elizabeth allowed the Dutch sea beggars to shelter in English harbours (from where they then attacked Spanish ships in the English Channel who were making their way with men and materiel to support Albas mission). The core of her legitimacy problem centred around the circumstances of her birth by Anne Boleyn. Therefore, France controlled the whole of the northern coastline and posed a major threat to England. Level 4 is about analysis supported by a detailed line of reasoning, so embracing counter-arguments like this are encouraged (so long as they can be explained).]. The traditional bonds between England and Spain were deteriorating and England needed the support of France for protection from Spain. The relative strength of France and weakness of England was further compounded by the fact that Elizabeth had to recognize the loss of Calais to France under the Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis in 1559, following a disastrous English military campaign under the reign of Elizabeth's predecessor, Mary I. Calais had been in English hands since 1347. Therefore, Henry created the Church of England, a protestant church, which allowed for divorce. In 1558, England lost its final possession - the port of Calais - in France. The Ridolfi Plot of 1571 and later the Throckmorton and Babington Plots, of 1583 and 1586 respectively, all involved the aim of placing Mary on the throne. John White (another leading colonist) sailed back to England to report on the problems being experienced. "the threat of invasions was Elizabeth's main problem when she became queen in 1558" - 4th explanation - Most significant problem she faced as if she didn't have money she couldn't defend England against invasions. The English army was also poorly equipped and Elizabeth did not provide sufficient funds to pay for the English troops. Native American hostility occurred from the start, however. Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17th November 1558 to 24th March 1603. Spain and France were the major European powers. Roberto di Ridolfi was an Italian banker who played a small role in the Revolt of the Northern Earls. Reigned: queen of England and Ireland for 44 years, from 17 November 1558 until her death in 1603. See our A-Level Essay Example on To what extent should changes in the relationship between monarchy and parliament from 1529 to 1640 be seen as arising from divisions over the future of the church?, British History: Monarchy & Politics now at Marked By Teachers. The child cried when he saw the _______ of his favorite toy in the driveway. Most people in . Mary, Queen of Scots had been linked to Catholic plots before, but Elizabeth had always been reluctant to take any action against her. Elizabeth had been in power for eight years by 1566 and it was at this time that the Catholic threat began to increase. To her credit, when Elizabeth died in 1603, the nation was only in debt to the tune of 350,000 - 123,000 more than in 1558, but spread over the duration of her reign, this represented just under 3,000 a year. No Payment details required and completelyRisk Free. [This last point is important and often students dont embrace the anomalies for fear that it will undermine their argument. VAT reg no 816865400. Elizabeth therefore committed actions that helped undermine the Spanish whilst ensuring England did not become fully embroiled in the conflict. France was at war with England and Spain. The Spanish had planned to come alongside their opponents and attempt to board their ships to try to overcome the enemy through hand-to-hand fighting. Official Oxford 2023 Postgraduate Applicants Thread. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are both part of The Student Room Group. Humiliatingly, Elizabeth had to confirm the loss of Calais, which had been an English possession since 1347. This forced the Spanish fleet to travel into the dangerous waters off the Scottish and Irish coasts. She was a Protestant. How much is the average salary for an overseas dentist? The second concern of legitimacy again comes from the marriage of Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. A significant amount of the Spanish troops lacked the experience of naval warfare, whereas the English fleet was manned by experienced sailors. Marys clear awareness and support of the Babington plot led to her being sentenced to death in October 1586. Write a paragraph or two. The fear of a Catholic uprising and a plot against Elizabeth was a constant threat to her. They believed privy council members such as William Cecil had become too powerful and instead wanted to remove those they deemed evil and replace them with councillors more sympathetic to their causes. This established a new Anglo-Scottish peace and also reconfirmed the agreement at Cateau-Cambresis. Oct 12, 2019 83 Dislike Podpast 106 subscribers Recap and review of the problems Elizabeth faced when she became Queen in 1558. France however, thought her intention was to create war between France and Spain while England looked on. - Invasion was a major threat because of the power of the countries France and Spain. The most important reason however was a combination of Marys arrival and the Popes interference. Mary was spared. Study notes, videos, interactive activities and more! Elizabeth hesitated for several months, however, eventually signed Marys death warrant. -Threats from Catholics in the middle years were significant e.g. Letters sent to Mary were also intercepted which implicated her and the Duke of Norfolk in the plot. Company Reg no: 04489574. The Pope, as head of the Catholic Church, could rally support for these plots and for some Catholics, obeying the Pope was more important than obedience to Elizabeth. Thereafter, up to 11,000 English Catholics were either arrested or placed under surveillance. He also had a big empire in North and South America and by 1581, he had also become King of Portugal which gave him control of the important Atlantic port of Lisbon. The death of Mary in November 1558 took England out of the equation. - Financial issues may have led to her loosing powerful allies as she could not give important people grant patronages. Philip IIs decision to reorganise the Dutch government and church angered both the Dutch Catholics and the Protestants. 2002-2023 Tutor2u Limited. This Papal Bull meant that the loyalty of English Catholics towards Elizabeth was now always in doubt and placed a wedge between the English Catholics monarch and their faith. Elizabeths legitimacy becomes a problem because of this marriage. The features and significance of the Ridolfi, Throckmorton and Babington plots. In 1584, the rebel leader, William the Silent was assassinated, and the Dutch resistance was at risk of defeat. King Phillip saw the signing of the 1585 Treaty of Nonsuch as a declaration fo war on Spain and in response, he began to build a huge fleet of ships known as an Armada to invade England with. The Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis of April 1559 between Spain and France was meant to be the start of lasting peace between the two. The Student Room and The Uni Guide are trading names of The Student Room Group Ltd. Register Number: 04666380 (England and Wales), VAT No. Italian bankers from Genoa had lent Philip II money to fund his campaign in the Netherlands (which was trying to put down the Dutch Revolt). This was because the society was very patriarchal, male dominated, meaning that she . The raid on Cadiz was a good strategic move by the English and not only weakened the Spanish, but strengthened the English. In 1565 the Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire proposed that Elizabeth marry Archduke Charles of Austria. 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Dudleys campaign in 1586-1587 proved to be unsuccessful and he suffered heavy defeats at the hands of the Spanish general, the. [This summary of factors helps re- establish conceptual focus]. This meant atholics did not think . [Relative comparison made to inform the judgement here shows instantly criteria are being established, helping to signpost the rest of the answer.]. England and Spain had tried to remain on good terms but a growing rivalry between them led to increased tensions. There were several factors that influenced Queen Elizabeths decision to sign the Treaty of Nonsuch including: Elizabeth believed in Divine Right and due to this, she didnt want to remove King Phillip as the ruler of Netherlands. W ith the first female vice president taking office in the US, and female leaders around the world excelling despite a global crisis, it's hard to imagine why women have been wildly underrepresented in leadership for so long. The raid on Cadiz proved to be a major setback for King Phillips plans to invade England and delayed the Armada by more than a year. In 1568, a final blow came when some Spanish ships were blown off course into English waters, and the English seized them.
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